MAP4Ks as modifiers of branching morphogenesis and methods of use

ABSTRACT

Human MAP4K genes are identified as modulators of branching morphogenesis, and thus are therapeutic targets for disorders associated with defective branching morphogenesis function. Methods for identifying modulators of branching morphogenesis, comprising screening for agents that modulate the activity of MAP4K are provided.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application 60/333,378 filed Nov. 26, 2001. The contents of the prior applications are hereby incorporated in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Several essential organs (e.g., lungs, kidney, lymphatic system and vasculature) are made up of complex networks of tube-like structures that serve to transport and exchange fluids, gases, nutrients and waste. The formation of these complex branched networks occurs by the evolutionarily conserved process of branching morphogenesis, in which successive ramification occurs by sprouting, pruning and remodeling of the network. During human embryogenesis, blood vessels develop via two processes: vasculogenesis, whereby endothelial cells are born from progenitor cell types; and angiogenesis, in which new capillaries sprout from existing vessels.

[0003] Branching morphogenesis encompasses many cellular processes, including proliferation, survival/apoptosis, migration, invasion, adhesion, aggregation and matrix remodeling. Numerous cell types contribute to branching morphogenesis, including endothelial, epithelial and smooth muscle cells, and monocytes. Gene pathways that modulate the branching process function both within the branching tissues as well as in other cells, e.g., certain monocytes can promote an angiogenic response even though they may not directly participate in the formation of the branch structures.

[0004] An increased level of angiogenesis is central to several human disease pathologies, including rheumatoid arthritis and diabetic retinopathy, and, significantly, to the growth, maintenance and metastasis of solid tumors (for detailed reviews see Liotta LA et al, 1991 Cell 64:327-336; Folkman J., 1995 Nature Medicine 1:27-31; Hanahan D and Folkman J, 1996 Cell 86:353-364). Impaired angiogenesis figures prominently in other human diseases, including heart disease, stroke, infertility, ulcers and scleroderma.

[0005] The transition from dormant to active blood vessel formation involves modulating the balance between angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors. Under certain pathological circumstances an imbalance arises between local inhibitory controls and angiogenic inducers resulting in excessive angiogenesis, while under other pathological conditions an imbalance leads to insufficient angiogenesis. This delicate equilibrium of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors is regulated by a complex interaction between the extracellular matrix, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and various other cell types, as well as environmental factors such as oxygen demand within tissues. The lack of oxygen (hypoxia) in and around wounds and solid tumors is thought to provide a key driving force for angiogenesis by regulating a number of angiogenic factors, including Hypoxia Induced Factor alpha (HIF1 alpha) (Richard DE et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Dec. 29, 1999;266(3):718-22). HIF1 in turn regulates expression of a number of growth factors including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (Connolly DT, J Cell Biochem November 1991; 47(3):219-23). Various VEGF ligands and receptors are vital regulators of endothelial cell proliferation, survival, vessel permeability and sprouting, and lymphangiogenesis (Neufeld G et al., FASEB J January 1999; 13(1):9-22; Stacker SA et al., Nature Medicine 2001 7:186-191; Skobe M, et al., Nature Medicine 2001 7:192-198; Makinen T, et al., Nature Medicine 2001 7:199-205).

[0006] Most known angiogenesis genes, their biochemical activities, and their organization into signaling pathways are employed in a similar fashion during angiogenesis in human, mouse and Zebrafish, as well as during branching morphogenesis of the Drosophila trachea. Accordingly, Drosophila tracheal development and zebrafish vascular development provide useful models for studying mammalian angiogenesis (Sutherland D et al., Cell 1996, 87:1091-101; Roush W, Science 1996, 274:2011; Skaer H., Curr Biol 1997, 7:R238-41; Metzger R J, Krasnow M A. Science. 1999. 284:1635-9; Roman B L, and Weinstein B M. Bioessays 2000, 22:882-93).

[0007] Protein kinases (PKs) are critical to the regulation of many cellular processes, including growth factor response, cytoskeletal changes, gene expression, and metabolism. Mitogen-activated PKs (MAPKs) are a family of serine/threonine PKs involved in highly conserved cascades that control these processes. MAPKs are activated by MAPK kinases (MAP2Ks), which are activated by MAP2K kinases (MAP3Ks), which are activated by MAP3K kinases (MAP4Ks). Homologs of the S. cerevisiae STE20 and SPS1 proteins are predicted to link the membrane with the cytoplasmic signaling machinery. MAP4K2 (or GCK) is similar to S. cerevisiae STE20 and Drosophila NinaC proteins, specifically activates the SAPK pathway, and is activated in situ by TNF-alpha, a potent SAPK agonist (Pombo, C. M., et al., (1995) Nature 377: 750-754). MAP4K5 (GCKR) is also homologous to STE20 and SPS1 (Tung, R. M. and Blenis, J., (1997) Oncogene 14: 653-659). MAP4K3 (CLK) is homologous to MAP4K2, has kinase activity, and activates JNK but not MAPK1, MAPK3, or MAPK14 through the activation of MAP3K1 and MAP2K4. Endogenous MAP4K3 kinase activity is stimulated by exposure to ultraviolet radiation or to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (Diener, K., et al., (1997) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 94: 9687-9692). MAP4K1 (KPK1) is expressed primarily in hematopoietic organs, such as bone marrow and fetal liver, is distantly related to the p21/Cdc42/Rac1-activated kinase (PAK) and yeast STE20 implicated in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. MAP4K1 is a tissue-specific upstream activator of the MEKK/JNK/SAPK signaling pathway (Hu, M. C. -T., et al., (1996) Genes Dev. 10: 2251-2264).

[0008] The ability to manipulate and screen the genomes of model organisms such as Drosophila and zebrafish provides a powerful means to analyze biochemical processes that, due to significant evolutionary conservation of genes, pathways, and cellular processes, have direct relevance to more complex vertebrate organisms.

[0009] Short life cycles and powerful forward and reverse genetic tools available for both Zebrafish and Drosophila allow rapid identification of critical components of pathways controlling branching morphogenesis. Given the evolutionary conservation of gene sequences and molecular pathways, the human orthologs of model organism genes can be utilized to modulate branching morphogenesis pathways, including angiogenesis.

[0010] All references cited herein, including patents, patent applications, publications, and sequence information in referenced Genbank identifier numbers, are incorporated herein in their entireties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] We have discovered genes that modify branching morphogenesis in Drosophila, and identified their human orthologs, hereinafter referred to as Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase (MAP4K). The invention provides methods for utilizing these branching morphogenesis modifier genes and polypeptides to identify MAP4K-modulating agents that are candidate therapeutic agents that can be used in the treatment of disorders associated with defective or impaired branching morphogenesis function and/or MAP4K function. Preferred MAP4K-modulating agents specifically bind to MAP4K polypeptides and restore branching morphogenesis function. Other preferred MAP4K-modulating agents are nucleic acid modulators such as antisense oligomers and RNAi that repress MAP4K gene expression or product activity by, for example, binding to and inhibiting the respective nucleic acid (i.e. DNA or mRNA).

[0012] MAP4K modulating agents may be evaluated by any convenient in vitro or in vivo assay for molecular interaction with a MAP4K polypeptide or nucleic acid. In one embodiment, candidate MAP4K modulating agents are tested with an assay system comprising a MAP4K polypeptide or nucleic acid. Agents that produce a change in the activity of the assay system relative to controls are identified as candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agents. The assay system may be cell-based or cell-free. MAP4K-modulating agents include MAP4K related proteins (e.g. dominant negative mutants, and biotherapeutics); MAP4K-specific antibodies; MAP4K-specific antisense oligomers and other nucleic acid modulators; and chemical agents that specifically bind to or interact with MAP4K or compete with MAP4K binding partner (e.g. by binding to a MAP4K binding partner). In one specific embodiment, a small molecule modulator is identified using a kinase assay. In specific embodiments, the screening assay system is selected from a binding assay, an apoptosis assay, a cell proliferation assay, a cell cycle assay, a tubulogenesis assay, a cell migration assay, an angiogenesis assay, and a hypoxic induction assay.

[0013] In another embodiment of the invention, the assay system comprises cultured cells or a non-human animal expressing MAP4K, and the assay system detects an agent-biased change in branching morphogenesis, including angiogenesis. Events detected by cell-based assays include cell proliferation, cell cycling, apoptosis, tubulogenesis, cell migration, and response to hypoxic conditions. For assays that detect tubulogenesis or cell migration, the assay system may comprise the step of testing the cellular response to stimulation with at least two different pro-angiogenic agents. Alternatively, tubulogenesis or cell migration may be detected by stimulating cells with an inflammatory angiogenic agent. In specific embodiments, the animal-based assay is selected from a matrix implant assay, a xenograft assay, a hollow fiber assay, or a transgenic tumor assay.

[0014] In another embodiment, candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agents that have been identified in cell-free or cell-based assays are further tested using a second assay system that detects changes in an activity associated with branching morphogenesis. In a specific embodiment, the second assay detects an agent-biased change in an activity associated with angiogenesis. The second assay system may use cultured cells or non-human animals. In specific embodiments, the secondary assay system uses non-human animals, including animals predetermined to have a disease or disorder implicating branching morphogenesis, including increased or impaired angiogenesis or solid tumor metastasis.

[0015] The invention further provides methods for modulating the MAP4K function and/or branching morphogenesis in a mammalian cell by contacting the mammalian cell with an agent that specifically binds a MAP4K polypeptide or nucleic acid. The agent may be a small molecule modulator, a nucleic acid modulator, or an antibody and may be administered to a mammalian animal predetermined to have a pathology associated branching morphogenesis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0016] In a Drosophila screen designed to identify genes associated with tracheal defects, we discovered that CG7097 (Genbank Identifier [GI#7302511]), modulates branching morphogenesisAccordingly, vertebrate orthologs of these modifiers, and preferably the human orthologs, MAP4K genes (i.e., nucleic acids and polypeptides) are attractive drug targets for the treatment of pathologies associated with a defective branching morphogenesis signaling pathway, such as cancer.

[0017] In vitro and in vivo methods of assessing MAP4K function are provided herein. Modulation of the MAP4K or their respective binding partners is useful for understanding the association of branching morphogenesis and its members in normal and disease conditions and for developing diagnostics and therapeutic modalities for branching morphogenesis related pathologies. MAP4K-modulating agents that act by inhibiting or enhancing MAP4K expression, directly or indirectly, for example, by affecting a MAP4K function such as enzymatic (e.g., catalytic) or binding activity, can be identified using methods provided herein. MAP4K modulating agents are useful in diagnosis, therapy and pharmaceutical development.

[0018] As used herein, branching morphogenesis encompasses the numerous cellular process involved in the formation of branched networks, including proliferation, survival/apoptosis, migration, invasion, adhesion, aggregation and matrix remodeling. As used herein, pathologies associated with branching morphogenesis encompass pathologies where branching morphogenesis contributes to maintaining the healthy state, as well as pathologies whose course may be altered by modulation of the branching morphogenesis.

Nucleic Acids and Polypeptides of the Invention

[0019] Sequences related to MAP4K nucleic acids and polypeptides that can be used in the invention are disclosed in Genbank (referenced by Genbank identifier (GI) number) as GI#s 6005809 (SEQ ID NO: 1), 1575562 (SEQ ID NO: 2), 4759009 (SEQ ID NO: 3), 14783411 (SEQ ID NO: 4), 22035599 (SEQ ID NO: 5), 15451901 (SEQ ID NO: 7), 3095031 (SEQ ID NO: 8), 14589908 (SEQ ID NO: 11), 15341939 (SEQ ID NO: 12), 1857330 (SEQ ID NO: 13), and 405730 (SEQ ID NO: 14) for nucleic acid, and GI#s 6005810 (SEQ ID NO: 17), 4759010 (SEQ ID NO: 18), 22035600 (SEQ ID NO: 19), 15451902 (SEQ ID NO: 20), 4506377 (SEQ ID NO: 21), and 14589909 (SEQ ID NO: 22) for polypeptides. Additionally, the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 9, 10, 15, and 16 can also be used in the invention.

[0020] MAP4Ks are kinase proteins with kinase domains. The term “MAP4K polypeptide” refers to a full-length MAP4K protein or a functionally active fragment or derivative thereof. A “functionally active” MAP4K fragment or derivative exhibits one or more functional activities associated with a full-length, wild-type MAP4K protein, such as antigenic or immunogenic activity, enzymatic activity, ability to bind natural cellular substrates, etc. The functional activity of MAP4K proteins, derivatives and fragments can be assayed by various methods known to one skilled in the art (Current Protocols in Protein Science (1998) Coligan et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Somerset, N.J.) and as further discussed below. In one embodiment, a functionally active MAP4K polypeptide is a MAP4K derivative capable of rescuing defective endogenous MAP4K activity, such as in cell based or animal assays; the rescuing derivative may be from the same or a different species. For purposes herein, functionally active fragments also include those fragments that comprise one or more structural domains of a MAP4K, such as a kinase domain or a binding domain. Protein domains can be identified using the PFAM program (Bateman A., et al., Nucleic Acids Res, 1999, 27:260-2). For example, the kinase domain of MAP4K from GI# 6005810 (SEQ ID NO: 17) is located at approximately amino acid residues 17-274 (PFAM 00069). Methods for obtaining MAP4K polypeptides are also further described below. In some embodiments, preferred fragments are functionally active, domain-containing fragments comprising at least 25 contiguous amino acids, preferably at least 50, more preferably 75, and most preferably at least 100 contiguous amino acids of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 17-22 (a MAP4K). In further preferred embodiments, the fragment comprises the entire kinase (functionally active) domain.

[0021] The term “MAP4K nucleic acid” refers to a DNA or RNA molecule that encodes a MAP4K polypeptide. Preferably, the MAP4K polypeptide or nucleic acid or fragment thereof is from a human, but can also be an ortholog, or derivative thereof with at least 70% sequence identity, preferably at least 80%, more preferably 85%, still more preferably 90%, and most preferably at least 95% sequence identity with human MAP4K. Methods of identifying orthlogs are known in the art. Normally, orthologs in different species retain the same function, due to presence of one or more protein motifs and/or 3-dimensional structures. Orthologs are generally identified by sequence homology analysis, such as BLAST analysis, usually using protein bait sequences. Sequences are assigned as a potential ortholog if the best hit sequence from the forward BLAST result retrieves the original query sequence in the reverse BLAST (Huynen M A and Bork P, Proc Natl Acad Sci (1998) 95:5849-5856; Huynen M A et al., Genome Research (2000) 10: 1204-1210). Programs for multiple sequence alignment, such as CLUSTAL (Thompson J D et al, 1994, Nucleic Acids Res 22:4673-4680) may be used to highlight conserved regions and/or residues of orthologous proteins and to generate phylogenetic trees. In a phylogenetic tree representing multiple homologous sequences from diverse species (e.g., retrieved through BLAST analysis), orthologous sequences from two species generally appear closest on the tree with respect to all other sequences from these two species. Structural threading or other analysis of protein folding (e.g., using software by ProCeryon, Biosciences, Salzburg, Austria) may also identify potential orthologs. In evolution, when a gene duplication event follows speciation, a single gene in one species, such as Drosophila, may correspond to multiple genes (paralogs) in another, such as human. As used herein, the term “orthologs” encompasses paralogs. As used herein, “percent (%) sequence identity” with respect to a subject sequence, or a specified portion of a subject sequence, is defined as the percentage of nucleotides or amino acids in the candidate derivative sequence identical with the nucleotides or amino acids in the subject sequence (or specified portion thereof), after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, as generated by the program WU-BLAST-2.0a19 (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. (1997) 215:403-410) with all the search parameters set to default values. The HSP S and HSP S2 parameters are dynamic values and are established by the program itself depending upon the composition of the particular sequence and composition of the particular database against which the sequence of interest is being searched. A % identity value is determined by the number of matching identical nucleotides or amino acids divided by the sequence length for which the percent identity is being reported. “Percent (%) amino acid sequence similarity” is determined by doing the same calculation as for determining % amino acid sequence identity, but including conservative amino acid substitutions in addition to identical amino acids in the computation.

[0022] A conservative amino acid substitution is one in which an amino acid is substituted for another amino acid having similar properties such that the folding or activity of the protein is not significantly affected. Aromatic amino acids that can be substituted for each other are phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine; interchangeable hydrophobic amino acids are leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and valine; interchangeable polar amino acids are glutamine and asparagine; interchangeable basic amino acids are arginine, lysine and histidine; interchangeable acidic amino acids are aspartic acid and glutamic acid; and interchangeable small amino acids are alanine, serine, threonine, cysteine and glycine.

[0023] Alternatively, an alignment for nucleic acid sequences is provided by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Smith and Waterman, 1981, Advances in Applied Mathematics 2:482-489; database: European Bioinformatics Institute; Smith and Waterman, 1981, J. of Molec.Biol., 147:195-197; Nicholas et al., 1998, “A Tutorial on Searching Sequence Databases and Sequence Scoring Methods” (www.psc.edu) and references cited therein.; W. R. Pearson, 1991, Genomics 11:635-650). This algorithm can be applied to amino acid sequences by using the scoring matrix developed by Dayhoff (Dayhoff: Atlas of Protein Sequences and Structure, M. O. Dayhoff ed., 5 suppl. 3:353-358, National Biomedical Research Foundation, Washington, D.C., USA), and normalized by Gribskov (Gribskov 1986 Nucl. Acids Res. 14(6):6745-6763). The Smith-Waterman algorithm may be employed where default parameters are used for scoring (for example, gap open penalty of 12, gap extension penalty of two). From the data generated, the “Match” value reflects “sequence identity.”

[0024] Derivative nucleic acid molecules of the subject nucleic acid molecules include sequences that hybridize to the nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-16. The stringency of hybridization can be controlled by temperature, ionic strength, pH, and the presence of denaturing agents such as formamide during hybridization and washing. Conditions routinely used are set out in readily available procedure texts (e.g., Current Protocol in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, Chap. 2.10, John Wiley & Sons, Publishers (1994); Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor (1989)). In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule of the invention is capable of hybridizing to a nucleic acid molecule containing the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-16 under high stringency hybridization conditions that are: prehybridization of filters containing nucleic acid for 8 hours to overnight at 65° C. in a solution comprising 6×single strength citrate (SSC) 1×SSC is 0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M Na citrate; pH 7.0), 5×Denhardt's solution, 0.05% sodium pyrophosphate and 100 μg/ml herring sperm DNA; hybridization for 18-20 hours at 65° C. in a solution containing 6×SSC, 1×Denhardt's solution, 100 μg/ml yeast tRNA and 0.05% sodium pyrophosphate; and washing of filters at 65° C. for 1 h in a solution containing 0.1×SSC and 0.1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate).

[0025] In other embodiments, moderately stringent hybridization conditions are used that comprise: pretreatment of filters containing nucleic acid for 6 h at 40° C. in a solution containing 35% formamide, 5×SSC, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.5), 5mM EDTA, 0.1% PVP, 0.1% Ficoll, 1% BSA, and 500 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA; hybridization for 18-20h at 40° C. in a solution containing 35% formamide, 5×SSC, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.5), 5mM EDTA, 0.02% PVP, 0.02% Ficoll, 0.2% BSA, 100 μg/ml salmon sperm DNA, and 10% (wt/vol) dextran sulfate; followed by washing twice for 1 hour at 55° C. in a solution containing 2×SSC and 0.1% SDS.

[0026] Alternatively, low stringency conditions can be used that comprise: incubation for 8 hours to overnight at 37° C. in a solution comprising 20% formamide, 5×SSC, 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5× Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 μg/ml denatured sheared salmon sperm DNA; hybridization in the same buffer for 18 to 20 hours; and washing of filters in 1×SSC at about 37° C. for 1 hour.

[0027] Isolation, Production, Expression, and Mis-Expression of MAP4K Nucleic Acids and Polypeptides

[0028] MAP4K nucleic acids and polypeptides, useful for identifying and testing agents that modulate MAP4K function and for other applications related to the involvement of MAP4K in branching morphogenesis. MAP4K nucleic acids and derivatives and orthologs thereof may be obtained using any available method. For instance, techniques for isolating cDNA or genomic DNA sequences of interest by screening DNA libraries or by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are well known in the art. In general, the particular use for the protein will dictate the particulars of expression, production, and purification methods. For instance, production of proteins for use in screening for modulating agents may require methods that preserve specific biological activities of these proteins, whereas production of proteins for antibody generation may require structural integrity of particular epitopes. Expression of proteins to be purified for screening or antibody production may require the addition of specific tags (e.g., generation of fusion proteins). Overexpression of a MAP4K protein for assays used to assess MAP4K function, such as involvement in cell cycle regulation or hypoxic response, may require expression in eukaryotic cell lines capable of these cellular activities. Techniques for the expression, production, and purification of proteins are well known in the art; any suitable means therefore may be used (e.g., Higgins S J and Hames B D (eds.) Protein Expression: A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press Inc., New York 1999; Stanbury P F et al., Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2^(nd) edition, Elsevier Science, New York, 1995; Doonan S (ed.) Protein Purification Protocols, Humana Press, New Jersey, 1996; Coligan J E et al, Current Protocols in Protein Science (eds.), 1999, John Wiley & Sons, New York).

[0029] The nucleotide sequence encoding a MAP4K polypeptide can be inserted into any appropriate expression vector. The necessary transcriptional and translational signals, including promoter/enhancer element, can derive from the native MAP4K gene and/or its flanking regions or can be heterologous. A variety of host-vector expression systems may be utilized, such as mammalian cell systems infected with virus (e.g. vaccinia virus, adenovirus, etc.); insect cell systems infected with virus (e.g. baculovirus); microorganisms such as yeast containing yeast vectors, or bacteria transformed with bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA. An isolated host cell strain that modulates the expression of, modifies, and/or specifically processes the gene product may be used.

[0030] To detect expression of the MAP4K gene product, the expression vector can comprise a promoter operably linked to a MAP4K gene nucleic acid, one or more origins of replication, and, one or more selectable markers (e.g. thymidine kinase activity, resistance to antibiotics, etc.). Alternatively, recombinant expression vectors can be identified by assaying for the expression of the MAP4K gene product based on the physical or functional properties of the MAP4K protein in in vitro assay systems (e.g. immunoassays).

[0031] The MAP4K protein, fragment, or derivative may be optionally expressed as a fusion, or chimeric protein product (i.e. it is joined via a peptide bond to a heterologous protein sequence of a different protein), for example to facilitate purification or detection. A chimeric product can be made by ligating the appropriate nucleic acid sequences encoding the desired amino acid sequences to each other using standard methods and expressing the chimeric product. A chimeric product may also be made by protein synthetic techniques, e.g. by use of a peptide synthesizer (Hunkapiller et al., Nature (1984) 310:105-111).

[0032] Once a recombinant cell that expresses the MAP4K gene sequence is identified, the gene product can be isolated and purified using standard methods (e.g. ion exchange, affinity, and gel exclusion chromatography; centrifugation; differential solubility; electrophoresis). Alternatively, native MAP4K proteins can be purified from natural sources, by standard methods (e.g. immunoaffinity purification). Once a protein is obtained, it may be quantified and its activity measured by appropriate methods, such as immunoassay, bioassay, or other measurements of physical properties, such as crystallography.

[0033] The methods of this invention may also use cells that have been engineered for altered expression (mis-expression) of MAP4K or other genes associated with branching morphogenesis. As used herein, mis-expression encompasses ectopic expression, over-expression, under-expression, and non-expression (e.g. by gene knock-out or blocking expression that would otherwise normally occur).

[0034] Genetically Modified Animals

[0035] Animal models that have been genetically modified to alter MAP4K expression may be used in in vivo assays to test for activity of a candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agent, or to further assess the role of MAP4K in a branching morphogenesis process such as apoptosis or cell proliferation. Preferably, the altered MAP4K expression results in a detectable phenotype, such as decreased or increased levels of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, or apoptosis compared to control animals having normal MAP4K expression. The genetically modified animal may additionally have defective branching morphogenesis function. Preferred genetically modified animals are mammals such as primates, rodents (preferably mice or rats), among others. Preferred non-mammalian species include zebrafish, C. elegans, and Drosophila. Preferred genetically modified animals are transgenic animals having a heterologous nucleic acid sequence present as an extrachromosomal element in a portion of its cells, i.e. mosaic animals (see, for example, techniques described by Jakobovits, 1994, Curr. Biol. 4:761-763.) or stably integrated into its germ line DNA (i.e., in the genomic sequence of most or all of its cells). Heterologous nucleic acid is introduced into the germ line of such transgenic animals by genetic manipulation of, for example, embryos or embryonic stem cells of the host animal.

[0036] Methods of making transgenic animals are well-known in the art (for transgenic mice see Brinster et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 4438-4442 (1985), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009, both by Leder et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al., and Hogan, B., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1986); for particle bombardment see U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050, by Sandford et al.; for transgenic Drosophila see Rubin and Spradling, Science (1982) 218:348-53 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,388; for transgenic insects see Berghammer A. J. et al., A Universal Marker for Transgenic Insects (1999) Nature 402:370-371; for transgenic Zebrafish see Lin S., Transgenic Zebrafish, Methods Mol Biol. (2000);136:375-3830); for microinjection procedures for fish, amphibian eggs and birds see Houdebine and Chourrout, Experientia (1991) 47:897-905; for transgenic rats see Hammer et al., Cell (1990) 63:1099-1112; and for culturing of embryonic stem (ES) cells and the subsequent production of transgenic animals by the introduction of DNA into ES cells using methods such as electroporation, calcium phosphate/DNA precipitation and direct injection see, e.g., Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells, A Practical Approach, E. J. Robertson, ed., IRL Press (1987)). Clones of the nonhuman transgenic animals can be produced according to available methods (see Wilmut, I. et al. (1997) Nature 385:810-813; and PCT International Publication Nos. WO 97/07668 and WO 97/07669).

[0037] In one embodiment, the transgenic animal is a “knock-out” animal having a heterozygous or homozygous alteration in the sequence of an endogenous MAP4K gene that results in a decrease of MAP4K function, preferably such that MAP4K expression is undetectable or insignificant. Knock-out animals are typically generated by homologous recombination with a vector comprising a transgene having at least a portion of the gene to be knocked out. Typically a deletion, addition or substitution has been introduced into the transgene to functionally disrupt it. The transgene can be a human gene (e.g., from a human genomic clone) but more preferably is an ortholog of the human gene derived from the transgenic host species. For example, a mouse MAP4K gene is used to construct a homologous recombination vector suitable for altering an endogenous MAP4K gene in the mouse genome. Detailed methodologies for homologous recombination in mice are available (see Capecchi, Science (1989) 244:1288-1292; Joyner et al., Nature (1989) 338:153-156). Procedures for the production of non-rodent transgenic mammals and other animals are also available (Houdebine and Chourrout, supra; Pursel et al., Science (1989) 244:1281-1288; Simms et al., Bio/Technology (1988) 6:179-183). In a preferred embodiment, knock-out animals, such as mice harboring a knockout of a specific gene, may be used to produce antibodies against the human counterpart of the gene that has been knocked out (Claesson M H et al., (1994) Scan J Immunol 40:257-264; Declerck P J et al., (1995) J Biol Chem. 270:8397-400).

[0038] In another embodiment, the transgenic animal is a “knock-in” animal having an alteration in its genome that results in altered expression (e.g., increased (including ectopic) or decreased expression) of the MAP4K gene, e.g., by introduction of additional copies of MAP4K, or by operatively inserting a regulatory sequence that provides for altered expression of an endogenous copy of the MAP4K gene. Such regulatory sequences include inducible, tissue-specific, and constitutive promoters and enhancer elements. The knock-in can be homozygous or heterozygous.

[0039] Transgenic nonhuman animals can also be produced that contain selected systems allowing for regulated expression of the transgene. One example of such a system that may be produced is the cre/LoxP recombinase system of bacteriophage P1 (Lakso et al., PNAS (1992) 89:6232-6236; U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,317). If a cre/LoxP recombinase system is used to regulate expression of the transgene, animals containing transgenes encoding both the Cre recombinase and a selected protein are required. Such animals can be provided through the construction of “double” transgenic animals, e.g., by mating two transgenic animals, one containing a transgene encoding a selected protein and the other containing a transgene encoding a recombinase. Another example of a recombinase system is the FLP recombinase system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (O'Gorman et al. (1991) Science 251:1351-1355; U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,182). In a preferred embodiment, both Cre-LoxP and Flp-Frt are used in the same system to regulate expression of the transgene, and for sequential deletion of vector sequences in the same cell (Sun X et al (2000) Nat Genet 25:83-6).

[0040] The genetically modified animals can be used in genetic studies to further elucidate branching morphogenesis, as animal models of disease and disorders implicating defective branching morphogenesis function, and for in vivo testing of candidate therapeutic agents, such as those identified in screens described below. The candidate therapeutic agents are administered to a genetically modified animal having altered MAP4K function and phenotypic changes are compared with appropriate control animals such as genetically modified animals that receive placebo treatment, and/or animals with unaltered MAP4K expression that receive candidate therapeutic agent.

[0041] In addition to the above-described genetically modified animals having altered MAP4K function, animal models having defective branching morphogenesis function (and otherwise normal MAP4K function), can be used in the methods of the present invention. Preferably, the candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agent when administered to a model system with cells defective in branching morphogenesis function, produces a detectable phenotypic change in the model system indicating that the branching morphogenesis function is restored.

[0042] Modulating Agents

[0043] The invention provides methods to identify agents that interact with and/or modulate the function of MAP4K and/or branching morphogenesis. Modulating agents identified by the methods are also part of the invention. Such agents are useful in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications associated with branching morphogenesis, as well as in further analysis of the MAP4K protein and its contribution to branching morphogenesis. Accordingly, the invention also provides methods for modulating branching morphogenesis comprising the step of specifically modulating MAP4K activity by administering a MAP4K-interacting or -modulating agent.

[0044] As used herein, a “MAP4K-modulating agent” is any agent that modulates MAP4K function, for example, an agent that interacts with MAP4K to inhibit or enhance MAP4K activity or otherwise affect normal MAP4K function. MAP4K function can be affected at any level, including transcription, protein expression, protein localization, and cellular or extra-cellular activity. In a preferred embodiment, the MAP4K-modulating agent specifically modulates the function of the MAP4K. The phrases “specific modulating agent”, “specifically modulates”, etc., are used herein to refer to modulating agents that directly bind to the MAP4K polypeptide or nucleic acid, and preferably inhibit, enhance, or otherwise alter, the function of the MAP4K. These phrases also encompasses modulating agents that alter the interaction of the MAP4K with a binding partner, substrate, or cofactor (e.g. by binding to a binding partner of a MAP4K, or to a protein/binding partner complex, and altering MAP4K function). In a further preferred embodiment, the MAP4K-modulating agent is a modulator of branching morphogenesis (e.g. it restores and/or upregulates branching morphogenesis function) and thus is also a branching morphogenesis-modulating agent.

[0045] Preferred MAP4K-modulating agents include small molecule compounds; MAP4K-interacting proteins, including antibodies and other biotherapeutics; and nucleic acid modulators such as antisense and RNA inhibitors. The modulating agents may be formulated in pharmaceutical compositions, for example, as compositions that may comprise other active ingredients, as in combination therapy, and/or suitable carriers or excipients. Techniques for formulation and administration of the compounds may be found in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 19^(th) edition.

[0046] Small Molecule Modulators

[0047] Small molecules are often preferred to modulate function of proteins with enzymatic function, and/or containing protein interaction domains. Chemical agents, referred to in the art as “small molecule” compounds are typically organic, non-peptide molecules, having a molecular weight less than 10,000, preferably less than 5,000, more preferably less than 1,000, and most preferably less than 500. This class of modulators includes chemically synthesized molecules, for instance, compounds from combinatorial chemical libraries. Synthetic compounds may be rationally designed or identified based on known or inferred properties of the MAP4K protein or may be identified by screening compound libraries. Alternative appropriate modulators of this class are natural products, particularly secondary metabolites from organisms such as plants or fungi, which can also be identified by screening compound libraries for MAP4K-modulating activity. Methods for generating and obtaining compounds are well known in the art (Schreiber S L, Science (2000) 151: 1964-1969; Radmann J and Gunther J, Science (2000) 151:1947-1948).

[0048] Small molecule modulators identified from screening assays, as described below, can be used as lead compounds from which candidate clinical compounds may be designed, optimized, and synthesized. Such clinical compounds may have utility in treating pathologies associated with branching morphogenesis. The activity of candidate small molecule modulating agents may be improved several-fold through iterative secondary functional validation, as further described below, structure determination, and candidate modulator modification and testing. Additionally, candidate clinical compounds are generated with specific regard to clinical and pharmacological properties. For example, the reagents may be derivatized and re-screened using in vitro and in vivo assays to optimize activity and minimize toxicity for pharmaceutical development.

[0049] Protein Modulators

[0050] Specific MAP4K-interacting proteins are useful in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications related to branching morphogenesis and related disorders, as well as in validation assays for other MAP4K-modulating agents. In a preferred embodiment, MAP4K-interacting proteins affect normal MAP4K function, including transcription, protein expression, protein localization, and cellular or extra-cellular activity. In another embodiment, MAP4K-interacting proteins are useful in detecting and providing information about the function of MAP4K proteins, as is relevant to branching morphogenesis related disorders, such as cancer (e.g., for diagnostic means).

[0051] A MAP4K-interacting protein may be endogenous, i.e. one that naturally interacts genetically or biochemically with a MAP4K, such as a member of the MAP4K pathway that modulates MAP4K expression, localization, and/or activity. MAP4K-modulators include dominant negative forms of MAP4K-interacting proteins and of MAP4K proteins themselves. Yeast two-hybrid and variant screens offer preferred methods for identifying endogenous MAP4K-interacting proteins (Finley, R. L. et al. (1996) in DNA Cloning-Expression Systems: A Practical Approach, eds. Glover D. & Hames B. D (Oxford University Press, Oxford, England), pp. 169-203; Fashema SF et al., Gene (2000) 250:1-14; Drees B L Curr Opin Chem Biol (1999) 3:64-70; Vidal M and Legrain P Nucleic Acids Res (1999) 27:919-29; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,868). Mass spectrometry is an alternative preferred method for the elucidation of protein complexes (reviewed in, e.g., Pandley A and Mann M, Nature (2000) 405:837-846; Yates J R 3^(rd), Trends Genet (2000) 16:5-8).

[0052] An MAP4K-interacting protein may be an exogenous protein, such as a MAP4K-specific antibody or a T-cell antigen receptor (see, e.g., Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Harlow and Lane (1999) Using antibodies: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). MAP4K antibodies are further discussed below.

[0053] In preferred embodiments, a MAP4K-interacting protein specifically binds a MAP4K protein. In alternative preferred embodiments, a MAP4K-modulating agent binds a MAP4K substrate, binding partner, or cofactor.

[0054] Antibodies

[0055] In another embodiment, the protein modulator is a MAP4K specific antibody agonist or antagonist. The antibodies have therapeutic and diagnostic utilities, and can be used in screening assays to identify MAP4K modulators. The antibodies can also be used in dissecting the portions of the MAP4K pathway responsible for various cellular responses and in the general processing and maturation of the MAP4K.

[0056] Antibodies that specifically bind MAP4K polypeptides can be generated using known methods. Preferably the antibody is specific to a mammalian ortholog of MAP4K polypeptide, and more preferably, to human MAP4K. Antibodies may be polyclonal, monoclonal (mAbs), humanized or chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′).sub.2 fragments, fragments produced by a FAb expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above. Epitopes of MAP4K which are particularly antigenic can be selected, for example, by routine screening of MAP4K polypeptides for antigenicity or by applying a theoretical method for selecting antigenic regions of a protein (Hopp and Wood (1981), Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:3824-28; Hopp and Wood, (1983) Mol. Immunol. 20:483-89; Sutcliffe et al., (1983) Science 219:660-66) to the amino acid sequence shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 17-22. Monoclonal antibodies with affinities of 10⁸ M⁻¹ preferably 10⁹ M⁻¹ to 10¹⁰ M⁻¹, or stronger can be made by standard procedures as described (Harlow and Lane, supra; Goding (1986) Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice (2d ed) Academic Press, New York; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,381,292; 4,451,570; and 4,618,577). Antibodies may be generated against crude cell extracts of MAP4K or substantially purified fragments thereof. If MAP4K fragments are used, they preferably comprise at least 10, and more preferably, at least 20 contiguous amino acids of a MAP4K protein. In a particular embodiment, MAP4K-specific antigens and/or immunogens are coupled to carrier proteins that stimulate the immune response. For example, the subject polypeptides are covalently coupled to the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) carrier, and the conjugate is emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, which enhances the immune response. An appropriate immune system such as a laboratory rabbit or mouse is immunized according to conventional protocols.

[0057] The presence of MAP4K-specific antibodies is assayed by an appropriate assay such as a solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) using immobilized corresponding MAP4K polypeptides. Other assays, such as radioimmunoassays or fluorescent assays might also be used.

[0058] Chimeric antibodies specific to MAP4K polypeptides can be made that contain different portions from different animal species. For instance, a human immunoglobulin constant region may be linked to a variable region of a murine mAb, such that the antibody derives its biological activity from the human antibody, and its binding specificity from the murine fragment. Chimeric antibodies are produced by splicing together genes that encode the appropriate regions from each species (Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1984) 81:6851-6855; Neuberger et al., Nature (1984) 312:604-608; Takeda et al., Nature (1985) 31:452-454). Humanized antibodies, which are a form of chimeric antibodies, can be generated by grafting complementary-determining regions (CDRs) (Carlos, T. M., J. M. Harlan. 1994. Blood 84:2068-2101) of mouse antibodies into a background of human framework regions and constant regions by recombinant DNA technology (Riechmann L M, et al., 1988 Nature 323: 323-327). Humanized antibodies contain ˜10% murine sequences and ˜90% human sequences, and thus further reduce or eliminate immunogenicity, while retaining the antibody specificities (Co M S, and Queen C. 1991 Nature 351: 501-501; Morrison S L. 1992 Ann. Rev. Immun. 10:239-265). Humanized antibodies and methods of their production are well-known in the art (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,101, 5,585,089, 5,693,762, and 6,180,370).

[0059] MAP4K-specific single chain antibodies which are recombinant, single chain polypeptides formed by linking the heavy and light chain fragments of the Fv regions via an amino acid bridge, can be produced by methods known in the art (U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778; Bird, Science (1988) 242:423-426; Huston et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1988) 85:5879-5883; and Ward et al., Nature (1989) 334:544-546).

[0060] Other suitable techniques for antibody production involve in vitro exposure of lymphocytes to the antigenic polypeptides or alternatively to selection of libraries of antibodies in phage or similar vectors (Huse et al., Science (1989) 246:1275-1281). As used herein, T-cell antigen receptors are included within the scope of antibody modulators (Harlow and Lane, 1988, supra).

[0061] The polypeptides and antibodies of the present invention may be used with or without modification. Frequently, antibodies will be labeled by joining, either covalently or non-covalently, a substance that provides for a detectable signal, or that is toxic to cells that express the targeted protein (Menard S, et al., Int J. Biol Markers (1989) 4:131-134). A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known and are reported extensively in both the scientific and patent literature. Suitable labels include radionuclides, enzymes, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, fluorescent moieties, fluorescent emitting lanthanide metals, chemiluminescent moieties, bioluminescent moieties, magnetic particles, and the like (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,817,837; 3,850,752; 3,939,350; 3,996,345; 4,277,437; 4,275,149; and 4,366,241). Also, recombinant immunoglobulins may be produced (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). Antibodies to cytoplasmic polypeptides may be delivered and reach their targets by conjugation with membrane-penetrating toxin proteins (U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,900).

[0062] When used therapeutically in a patient, the antibodies of the subject invention are typically administered parenterally, when possible at the target site, or intravenously. The therapeutically effective dose and dosage regimen is determined by clinical studies. Typically, the amount of antibody administered is in the range of about 0.1 mg/kg -to about 10 mg/kg of patient weight. For parenteral administration, the antibodies are formulated in a unit dosage injectable form (e.g., solution, suspension, emulsion) in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. Such vehicles are inherently nontoxic and non-therapeutic. Examples are water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin. Nonaqueous vehicles such as fixed oils, ethyl oleate, or liposome carriers may also be used. The vehicle may contain minor amounts of additives, such as buffers and preservatives, which enhance isotonicity and chemical stability or otherwise enhance therapeutic potential. The antibodies' concentrations in such vehicles are typically in the range of about 1 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml. Immunotherapeutic methods are further described in the literature (U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,206; WO0073469).

[0063] Nucleic Acid Modulators

[0064] Other preferred MAP4K-modulating agents comprise nucleic acid molecules, such as antisense oligomers or double stranded RNA (dsRNA), which generally inhibit MAP4K activity. Preferred nucleic acid modulators interfere with the function of the MAP4K nucleic acid such as DNA replication, transcription, translocation of the MAP4K RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the MAP4K RNA, splicing of the MAP4K RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, or catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the MAP4K RNA.

[0065] In one embodiment, the antisense oligomer is an oligonucleotide that is sufficiently complementary to a MAP4K mRNA to bind to and prevent translation, preferably by binding to the 5′ untranslated region. MAP4K-specific antisense oligonucleotides, preferably range from at least 6 to about 200 nucleotides. In some embodiments the oligonucleotide is preferably at least 10, 15, or 20 nucleotides in length. In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide is preferably less than 50, 40, or 30 nucleotides in length. The oligonucleotide can be DNA or RNA or a chimeric mixture or derivatives or modified versions thereof, single-stranded or double-stranded. The oligonucleotide can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone. The oligonucleotide may include other appending groups such as peptides, agents that facilitate transport across the cell membrane, hybridization-triggered cleavage agents, and intercalating agents.

[0066] In another embodiment, the antisense oligomer is a phosphothioate morpholino oligomer (PMO). PMOs are assembled from four different morpholino subunits, each of which contain one of four genetic bases (A, C, G, or T) linked to a six-membered morpholine ring. Polymers of these subunits are joined by non-ionic phosphodiamidate intersubunit linkages. Details of how to make and use PMOs and other antisense oligomers are well known in the art (e.g. see WO99/18193; Probst J C, Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide and Ribozyme Design, Methods. (2000) 22(3):271-281; Summerton J, and Weller D. 1997 Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. :7:187-95; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,235,033; and 5,378,841).

[0067] Alternative preferred MAP4K nucleic acid modulators are double-stranded RNA species mediating RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is the process of sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals and plants, initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is homologous in sequence to the silenced gene. Methods relating to the use of RNAi to silence genes in C. elegans, Drosophila, plants, and humans are known in the art (Fire A, et al., 1998 Nature 391:806-811; Fire, A. Trends Genet. 15, 358-363 (1999); Sharp, P. A. RNA interference 2001. Genes Dev. 15, 485-490 (2001); Hammond, S. M., et al., Nature Rev. Genet. 2, 110-1119 (2001); Tuschl, T. Chem. Biochem. 2, 239-245 (2001); Hamilton, A. et al., Science 286, 950-952 (1999); Hammond, S. M., et al., Nature 404, 293-296 (2000); Zamore, P. D., et al., Cell 101, 25-33 (2000); Bernstein, E., et al., Nature 409, 363-366 (2001); Elbashir, S. M., et al., Genes Dev. 15, 188-200 (2001); WO0129058; WO9932619; Elbashir SM, et al., 2001 Nature 411:494-498).

[0068] Nucleic acid modulators are commonly used as research reagents, diagnostics, and therapeutics. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used to elucidate the function of particular genes (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,790). Nucleic acid modulators are also used, for example, to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway. For example, antisense oligomers have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man and have been demonstrated in numerous clinical trials to be safe and effective (Milligan J F, et al, Current Concepts in Antisense Drug Design, J Med Chem. (1993) 36:1923-1937; Tonkinson J L et al., Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides as Clinical Therapeutic Agents, Cancer Invest. (1996) 14:54-65). Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, a MAP4K-specific nucleic acid modulator is used in an assay to further elucidate the role of the MAP4K in branching morphogenesis, and/or its relationship to other members of the pathway. In another aspect of the invention, a MAP4K-specific antisense oligomer is used as a therapeutic agent for treatment of branching morphogenesis-related disease states.

[0069] Zebrafish is a particularly useful model for the study of branching morphogenesis using antisense oligomers. For example, PMOs are used to selectively inactive one or more genes in vivo in the Zebrafish embryo. By injecting PMOs into Zebrafish at the 1-16 cell stage candidate targets emerging from the Drosophila screens are validated in this vertebrate model system. In another aspect of the invention, PMOs are used to screen the Zebrafish genome for identification of other therapeutic modulators of branching morphogenesis. In a further aspect of the invention, a MAP4K-specific antisense oligomer is used as a therapeutic agent for treatment of pathologies associated with branching morphogenesis.

[0070] Assay Systems

[0071] The invention provides assay systems and screening methods for identifying specific modulators of MAP4K activity. As used herein, an “assay system” encompasses all the components required for performing and analyzing results of an assay that detects and/or measures a particular event. In general, primary assays are used to identify or confirm a modulator's specific biochemical or molecular effect with respect to the MAP4K nucleic acid or protein. In general, secondary assays further assess the activity of a MAP4K modulating agent identified by a primary assay and may confirm that the modulating agent affects MAP4K in a manner relevant to branching morphogenesis. In some cases, MAP4K modulators will be directly tested in a secondary assay.

[0072] In a preferred embodiment, the screening method comprises contacting a suitable assay system comprising a MAP4K polypeptide or nucleic acid with a candidate agent under conditions whereby, but for the presence of the agent, the system provides a reference activity (e.g. kinase activity), which is based on the particular molecular event the screening method detects. A statistically significant difference between the agent-biased activity and the reference activity indicates that the candidate agent modulates MAP4K activity, and hence branching morphogenesis. The MAP4K polypeptide or nucleic acid used in the assay may comprise any of the nucleic acids or polypeptides described above.

[0073] Primary Assays

[0074] The type of modulator tested generally determines the type of primary assay.

[0075] Primary Assays for Small Molecule Modulators

[0076] For small molecule modulators, screening assays are used to identify candidate modulators. Screening assays may be cell-based or may use a cell-free system that recreates or retains the relevant biochemical reaction of the target protein (reviewed in Sittampalam G S et al., Curr Opin Chem Biol (1997) 1:384-91 and accompanying references). As used herein the term “cell-based” refers to assays using live cells, dead cells, or a particular cellular fraction, such as a membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, or mitochondrial fraction. The term “cell free” encompasses assays using substantially purified protein (either endogenous or recombinantly produced), partially purified or crude cellular extracts. Screening assays may detect a variety of molecular events, including protein-DNA interactions, protein-protein interactions (e.g., receptor-ligand binding), transcriptional activity (e.g., using a reporter gene), enzymatic activity (e.g., via a property of the substrate), activity of second messengers, immunogenicty and changes in cellular morphology or other cellular characteristics. Appropriate screening assays may use a wide range of detection methods including fluorescent, radioactive, colorimetric, spectrophotometric, and amperometric methods, to provide a read-out for the particular molecular event detected.

[0077] Cell-based screening assays usually require systems for recombinant expression of MAP4K and any auxiliary proteins demanded by the particular assay. Appropriate methods for generating recombinant proteins produce sufficient quantities of proteins that retain their relevant biological activities and are of sufficient purity to optimize activity and assure assay reproducibility. Yeast two-hybrid and variant screens, and mass spectrometry provide preferred methods for determining protein-protein interactions and elucidation of protein complexes. In certain applications, when MAP4K-interacting proteins are used in screens to identify small molecule modulators, the binding specificity of the interacting protein to the MAP4K protein may be assayed by various known methods such as substrate processing (e.g. ability of the candidate MAP4K-specific binding agents to function as negative effectors in MAP4K-expressing cells), binding equilibrium constants (usually at least about 10⁷ M⁻¹, preferably at least about 10⁸ M⁻¹, more preferably at least about 10⁹ M⁻¹), and immunogenicity (e.g. ability to elicit MAP4K specific antibody in a heterologous host such as a mouse, rat, goat or rabbit). For enzymes and receptors, binding may be assayed by, respectively, substrate and ligand processing.

[0078] The screening assay may measure a candidate agent's ability to specifically bind to or modulate activity of a MAP4K polypeptide, a fusion protein thereof, or to cells or membranes bearing the polypeptide or fusion protein. The MAP4K polypeptide can be full length or a fragment thereof that retains functional MAP4K activity. The MAP4K polypeptide may be fused to another polypeptide, such as a peptide tag for detection or anchoring, or to another tag. The MAP4K polypeptide is preferably human MAP4K, or is an ortholog or derivative thereof as described above. In a preferred embodiment, the screening assay detects candidate agent-based modulation of MAP4K interaction with a binding target, such as an endogenous or exogenous protein or other substrate that has MAP4K-specific binding activity, and can be used to assess normal MAP4K gene function.

[0079] Suitable assay formats that may be adapted to screen for MAP4K modulators are known in the art. Preferred screening assays are high throughput or ultra high throughput and thus provide automated, cost-effective means of screening compound libraries for lead compounds (Fernandes P B, Curr Opin Chem Biol (1998) 2:597-603; Sundberg S A, Curr Opin Biotechnol 2000, 11:47-53). In one preferred embodiment, screening assays uses fluorescence technologies, including fluorescence polarization, time-resolved fluorescence, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. These systems offer means to monitor protein-protein or DNA-protein interactions in which the intensity of the signal emitted from dye-labeled molecules depends upon their interactions with partner molecules (e.g., Selvin P R, Nat Struct Biol (2000) 7:730-4; Fernandes P B, supra; Hertzberg RP and Pope A J, Curr Opin Chem Biol (2000) 4:445-451).

[0080] A variety of suitable assay systems may be used to identify candidate MAP4K and branching morphogenesis modulators (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,992 (kinase assays); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,019 and 6,133,437 (apoptosis assays); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,976,782, 6,225,118 and 6,444,434 (angiogenesis assays), among others). Specific preferred assays are described in more detail below.

[0081] Kinase assays. In some preferred embodiments the screening assay detects the ability of the test agent to modulate the kinase activity of a MAP4K polypeptide. In further embodiments, a cell-free kinase assay system is used to identify a candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agent, and a secondary, cell-based assay, such as an apoptosis or hypoxic induction assay (described below), may be used to further characterize the candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agent. Many different assays for kinases have been reported in the literature and are well known to those skilled in the art (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,992; Zhu et al., Nature Genetics (2000) 26:283-289; and WO0073469). Radioassays, which monitor the transfer of a gamma phosphate are frequently used. For instance, a scintillation assay for p56 (lck) kinase activity monitors the transfer of the gamma phosphate from gamma—³³P ATP to a biotinylated peptide substrate; the substrate is captured on a streptavidin coated bead that transmits the signal (Beveridge M et al., J Biomol Screen (2000) 5:205-212). This assay uses the scintillation proximity assay (SPA), in which only radio-ligand bound to receptors tethered to the surface of an SPA bead are detected by the scintillant immobilized within it, allowing binding to be measured without separation of bound from free ligand.

[0082] Other assays for protein kinase activity may use antibodies that specifically recognize phosphorylated substrates. For instance, the kinase receptor activation (KIRA) assay measures receptor tyrosine kinase activity by ligand stimulating the intact receptor in cultured cells, then capturing solubilized receptor with specific antibodies and quantifying phosphorylation via phosphotyrosine ELISA (Sadick M D, Dev Biol Stand (1999) 97:121-133).

[0083] Another example of antibody based assays for protein kinase activity is TRF (time-resolved fluorometry). This method utilizes europium chelate-labeled anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies to detect phosphate transfer to a polymeric substrate coated onto microtiter plate wells. The amount of phosphorylation is then detected using time-resolved, dissociation-enhanced fluorescence (Braunwalder A F, et al., Anal Biochem Jul. 1, 1996;238(2):159-64).

[0084] Apoptosis assays. Assays for apoptosis may be performed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-11-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The TUNEL assay is used to measure nuclear DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis (Lazebnik et al., 1994, Nature 371, 346), by following the incorporation of fluorescein-dUTP (Yonehara et al., 1989, J. Exp. Med. 169, 1747). Apoptosis may further be assayed by acridine orange staining of tissue culture cells (Lucas, R., et al., 1998, Blood 15:4730-41). An apoptosis assay system may comprise a cell that expresses a MAP4K, and that optionally has defective branching morphogenesis function. A test agent can be added to the apoptosis assay system and changes in induction of apoptosis relative to controls where no test agent is added, identify candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agents. In some embodiments of the invention, an apoptosis assay may be used as a secondary assay to test a candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agents that is initially identified using a cell-free assay system. An apoptosis assay may also be used to test whether MAP4K function plays a direct role in apoptosis. For example, an apoptosis assay may be performed on cells that over- or under-express MAP4K relative to wild type cells. Differences in apoptotic response compared to wild type cells suggests that the MAP4K plays a direct role in the apoptotic response. Apoptosis assays are described further in U.S. Pat. No. 6,133,437.

[0085] Cell proliferation and cell cycle assays. Cell proliferation may be assayed via bromodeoxyuridine (BRDU) incorporation. This assay identifies a cell population undergoing DNA synthesis by incorporation of BRDU into newly-synthesized DNA. Newly-synthesized DNA may then be detected using an anti-BRDU antibody (Hoshino et al., 1986, Int. J. Cancer 38, 369; Campana et al., 1988, J. Immunol. Meth. 107, 79), or by other means.

[0086] Cell Proliferation may also be examined using [³H]-thymidine incorporation (Chen, J., 1996, Oncogene 13:1395-403; Jeoung, J., 1995, J. Biol. Chem. 270:18367-73). This assay allows for quantitative characterization of S-phase DNA syntheses. In this assay, cells synthesizing DNA will incorporate [³H]-thymidine into newly synthesized DNA. Incorporation can then be measured by standard techniques such as by counting of radioisotope in a scintillation counter (e.g., Beckman L S 3800 Liquid Scintillation Counter). Another proliferation assay uses the dye Alamar Blue (available from Biosource International), which fluoresces when reduced in living cells and provides an indirect measurement of cell number (Voytik-Harbin S L et al., 1998, In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 34:239-46).

[0087] Cell proliferation may also be assayed by colony formation in soft agar (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor (1989)). For example, cells transformed with MAP4K are seeded in soft agar plates, and colonies are measured and counted after two weeks incubation.

[0088] Involvement of a gene in the cell cycle may be assayed by flow cytometry (Gray J W et al. (1986) Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 49:237-55). Cells transfected with a MAP4K may be stained with propidium iodide and evaluated in a flow cytometer (available from Becton Dickinson), which indicates accumulation of cells in different stages of the cell cycle.

[0089] Accordingly, a cell proliferation or cell cycle assay system may comprise a cell that expresses a MAP4K, and that optionally has defective branching morphogenesis function. A test agent can be added to the assay system and changes in cell proliferation or cell cycle relative to controls where no test agent is added, identify candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agents. In some embodiments of the invention, the cell proliferation or cell cycle assay may be used as a secondary assay to test a candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agents that is initially identified using another assay system such as a cell-free kinase assay system. A cell proliferation assay may also be used to test whether MAP4K function plays a direct role in cell proliferation or cell cycle. For example, a cell proliferation or cell cycle assay may be performed on cells that over- or under-express MAP4K relative to wild type cells. Differences in proliferation or cell cycle compared to wild type cells suggests that the MAP4K plays a direct role in cell proliferation or cell cycle.

[0090] Angiogenesis. Angiogenesis may be assayed using various human endothelial cell systems, such as umbilical vein, coronary artery, or dermal cells. Suitable assays include Alamar Blue based assays (available from Biosource International) to measure proliferation; migration assays using fluorescent molecules, such as the use of Becton Dickinson Falcon HTS FluoroBlock cell culture inserts to measure migration of cells through membranes in presence or absence of angiogenesis enhancer or suppressors; and tubule formation assays based on the formation of tubular structures by endothelial cells on Matrigel® (Becton Dickinson). Accordingly, an angiogenesis assay system may comprise a cell that expresses a MAP4K, and that optionally has defective branching morphogenesis function. A test agent can be added to the angiogenesis assay system and changes in angiogenesis relative to controls where no test agent is added, identify candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agents. In some embodiments of the invention, the angiogenesis assay may be used as a secondary assay to test a candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agents that is initially identified using another assay system. An angiogenesis assay may also be used to test whether MAP4K function plays a direct role in cell proliferation. For example, an angiogenesis assay may be performed on cells that over- or under-express MAP4K relative to wild type cells. Differences in angiogenesis compared to wild type cells suggests that the MAP4K plays a direct role in angiogenesis. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,976,782, 6,225,118 and 6,444,434, among others.

[0091] Hypoxic induction. The alpha subunit of the transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), is upregulated in tumor cells following exposure to hypoxia in vitro. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1 stimulates the expression of genes known to be important in tumour cell survival, such as those encoding glyolytic enzymes and VEGF. Induction of such genes by hypoxic conditions may be assayed by growing cells transfected with MAP4K in hypoxic conditions (such as with 0.1% O2, 5% CO2, and balance N2, generated in a Napco 7001 incubator (Precision Scientific)) and normoxic conditions, followed by assessment of gene activity or expression by Taqman®. For example, a hypoxic induction assay system may comprise a cell that expresses a MAP4K, and that optionally has defective branching morphogenesis function. A test agent can be added to the hypoxic induction assay system and changes in hypoxic response relative to controls where no test agent is added, identify candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agents. In some embodiments of the invention, the hypoxic induction assay may be used as a secondary assay to test a candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agents that is initially identified using another assay system. A hypoxic induction assay may also be used to test whether MAP4K function plays a direct role in the hypoxic response. For example, a hypoxic induction assay may be performed on cells that over- or under-express MAP4K relative to wild type cells. Differences in hypoxic response compared to wild type cells suggests that the MAP4K plays a direct role in hypoxic induction.

[0092] Cell adhesion. Cell adhesion assays measure adhesion of cells to purified adhesion proteins, or adhesion of cells to each other, in presence or absence of candidate modulating agents. Cell-protein adhesion assays measure the ability of agents to modulate the adhesion of cells to purified proteins. For example, recombinant proteins are produced, diluted to 2.5 g/mL in PBS, and used to coat the wells of a microtiter plate. The wells used for negative control are not coated. Coated wells are then washed, blocked with 1% BSA, and washed again. Compounds are diluted to 2× final test concentration and added to the blocked, coated wells. Cells are then added to the wells, and the unbound cells are washed off. Retained cells are labeled directly on the plate by adding a membrane-permeable fluorescent dye, such as calcein-AM, and the signal is quantified in a fluorescent microplate reader.

[0093] Cell-cell adhesion assays measure the ability of agents to modulate binding of cell adhesion proteins with their native ligands. These assays use cells that naturally or recombinantly express the adhesion protein of choice. In an exemplary assay, cells expressing the cell adhesion protein are plated in wells of a multiwell plate. Cells expressing the ligand are labeled with a membrane-permeable fluorescent dye, such as BCECF, and allowed to adhere to the monolayers in the presence of candidate agents. Unbound cells are washed off, and bound cells are detected using a fluorescence plate reader.

[0094] High-throughput cell adhesion assays have also been described. In one such assay, small molecule ligands and peptides are bound to the surface of microscope slides using a microarray spotter, intact cells are then contacted with the slides, and unbound cells are washed off. In this assay, not only the binding specificity of the peptides and modulators against cell lines are determined, but also the functional cell signaling of attached cells using immunofluorescence techniques in situ on the microchip is measured (Falsey J R et al., Bioconjug Chem. May-June 2001;12(3):346-53).

[0095] Tubulogenesis. Tubulogenesis assays monitor the ability of cultured cells, generally endothelial cells, to form tubular structures on a matrix substrate, which generally simulates the environment of the extracellular matrix. Exemplary substrates include Matrigel™ (Becton Dickinson), an extract of basement membrane proteins containing laminin, collagen IV, and heparin sulfate proteoglycan, which is liquid at 4° C. and forms a solid gel at 37° C. Other suitable matrices comprise extracellular components such as collagen, fibronectin, and/or fibrin. Cells are stimulated with a pro-angiogenic stimulant, and their ability to form tubules is detected by imaging. Tubules can generally be detected after an overnight incubation with stimuli, but longer or shorter time frames may also be used. Tube formation assays are well known in the art (e.g., Jones M K et al., 1999, Nature Medicine 5:1418-1423). These assays have traditionally involved stimulation with serum or with the growth factors FGF or VEGF. Serum represents an undefined source of growth factors. In a preferred embodiment, the assay is performed with cells cultured in serum free medium, in order to control which process or pathway a candidate agent modulates. Moreover, we have found that different target genes respond differently to stimulation with different pro-angiogenic agents, including inflammatory angiogenic factors such as TNF-alpa. Thus, in a further preferred embodiment, a tubulogenesis assay system comprises testing a MAP4K's response to a variety of factors, such as FGF, VEGF, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), TNF-alpha, ephrin, etc.

[0096] Cell Migration. An invasion/migration assay (also called a migration assay) tests the ability of cells to overcome a physical barrier and to migrate towards pro-angiogenic signals. Migration assays are known in the art (e.g., Paik J H et al., 2001, J Biol Chem 276:11830-11837). In a typical experimental set-up, cultured endothelial cells are seeded onto a matrix-coated porous lamina, with pore sizes generally smaller than typical cell size. The matrix generally simulates the environment of the extracellular matrix, as described above. The lamina is typically a membrane, such as the transwell polycarbonate membrane (Corning Costar Corporation, Cambridge, Mass.), and is generally part of an upper chamber that is in fluid contact with a lower chamber containing pro-angiogenic stimuli. Migration is generally assayed after an overnight incubation with stimuli, but longer or shorter time frames may also be used. Migration is assessed as the number of cells that crossed the lamina, and may be detected by staining cells with hemotoxylin solution (VWR Scientific, South San Francisco, Calif.), or by any other method for determining cell number. In another exemplary set up, cells are fluorescently labeled and migration is detected using fluorescent readings, for instance using the Falcon HTS FluoroBlok (Becton Dickinson). While some migration is observed in the absence of stimulus, migration is greatly increased in response to pro-angiogenic factors. As described above, a preferred assay system for migration/invasion assays comprises testing a MAP4K's response to a variety of pro-angiogenic factors, including tumor angiogenic and inflammatory angiogenic agents, and culturing the cells in serum free medium.

[0097] Sprouting assay. A sprouting assay is a three-dimensional in vitro angiogenesis assay that uses a cell-number defined spheroid aggregation of endothelial cells (“spheroid”), embedded in a collagen gel-based matrix. The spheroid can serve as a starting point for the sprouting of capillary-like structures by invasion into the extracellular matrix (termed “cell sprouting”) and the subsequent formation of complex anastomosing networks (Korff and Augustin, 1999, J Cell Sci 112:3249-58). In an exemplary experimental set-up, spheroids are prepared by pipetting 400 human umbilical vein endothelial cells into individual wells of a nonadhesive 96-well plates to allow overnight spheroidal aggregation (Korff and Augustin: J Cell Biol 143: 1341-52, 1998). Spheroids are harvested and seeded in 900 μl of methocel-collagen solution and pipetted into individual wells of a 24 well plate to allow collagen gel polymerization. Test agents are added after 30 min by pipetting 100 μl of 10-fold concentrated working dilution of the test substances on top of the gel. Plates are incubated at 37° C. for 24 h. Dishes are fixed at the end of the experimental incubation period by addition of paraformaldehyde. Sprouting intensity of endothelial cells can be quantitated by an automated image analysis system to determine the cumulative sprout length per spheroid.

[0098] Primary Assays for Antibody Modulators

[0099] For antibody modulators, appropriate primary assays test is a binding assay that tests the antibody's affinity to and specificity for the MAP4K protein. Methods for testing antibody affinity and specificity are well known in the art (Harlow and Lane, 1988, 1999, supra). The enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) is a preferred method for detecting MAP4K-specific antibodies; others include FACS assays, radioimmunoassays, and fluorescent assays.

[0100] In some cases, screening assays described for small molecule modulators may also be used to test antibody modulators.

[0101] Primary Assays for Nucleic Acid Modulators

[0102] For nucleic acid modulators, primary assays may test the ability of the nucleic acid modulator to inhibit or enhance MAP4K gene expression, preferably mRNA expression. In general, expression analysis comprises comparing MAP4K expression in like populations of cells (e.g., two pools of cells that endogenously or recombinantly express MAP4K) in the presence and absence of the nucleic acid modulator. Methods for analyzing mRNA and protein expression are well known in the art. For instance, Northern blotting, slot blotting, ribonuclease protection, quantitative RT-PCR (e.g., using the TaqMan®, PE Applied Biosystems), or microarray analysis may be used to confirm that MAP4K mRNA expression is reduced in cells treated with the nucleic acid modulator (e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1994) Ausubel F M et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., chapter 4; Freeman W M et al., Biotechniques (1999) 26:112-125; Kallioniemi O P, Ann Med 2001, 33:142-147; Blohm D H and Guiseppi-Elie, A Curr Opin Biotechnol 2001, 12:41-47). Protein expression may also be monitored. Proteins are most commonly detected with specific antibodies or antisera directed against either the MAP4K protein or specific peptides. A variety of means including Western blotting, ELISA, or in situ detection, are available (Harlow E and Lane D, 1988 and 1999, supra).

[0103] In some cases, screening assays described for small molecule modulators, particularly in assay systems that involve MAP4K mRNA expression, may also be used to test nucleic acid modulators.

[0104] Secondary Assays

[0105] Secondary assays may be used to further assess the activity of MAP4K-modulating agent identified by any of the above methods to confirm that the modulating agent affects MAP4K in a manner relevant to branching morphogenesis. As used herein, MAP4K-modulating agents encompass candidate clinical compounds or other agents derived from previously identified modulating agent. Secondary assays can also be used to test the activity of a modulating agent on a particular genetic or biochemical pathway or to test the specificity of the modulating agent's interaction with MAP4K.

[0106] Secondary assays generally compare like populations of cells or animals (e.g., two pools of cells or animals that endogenously or recombinantly express MAP4K) in the presence and absence of the candidate modulator. In general, such assays test whether treatment of cells or animals with a candidate MAP4K-modulating agent results in changes in branching morphogenesis in comparison to untreated (or mock- or placebo-treated) cells or animals. Certain assays use “sensitized genetic backgrounds”, which, as used herein, describe cells or animals engineered for altered expression of genes in the branching morphogenesis or interacting pathways.

[0107] Cell-based Assays

[0108] Cell based assays may use a variety of mammalian cell types. Preferred cells are capable of branching morphogenesis processes and are generally endothelial cells. Exemplary cells include human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human renal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs), human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs), human uterine microvascular endothelial cells, human lung microvascular endothelial cells, human coronary artery endothelial cells, and immortalized microvascular cells, among others. Cell based assays may rely on the endogenous expression of MAP4K and/or other genes, such as those involved in branching morphogenesis, or may involve recombinant expression of these genes. Candidate modulators are typically added to the cell media but may also be injected into cells or delivered by any other efficacious means.

[0109] Cell-based assays may detect a variety of events associated with branching morphogenesis and angiogenesis, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, tube formation, sprouting and hypoxic induction, as described above.

[0110] Animal Assays

[0111] A variety of non-human animal models of branching morphogenesis, including angiogenesis, and related pathologies may be used to test candidate MAP4K modulators. Animal assays may rely on the endogenous expression of MAP4K and/or other genes, such as those involved in branching morphogenesis, or may involve engineered expression of these genes. In some cases, MAP4K expression or MAP4K protein may be restricted to a particular implanted tissue or matrix. Animal assays generally require systemic delivery of a candidate modulator, such as by oral administration, injection (intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneous), bolus administration, etc.

[0112] In a preferred embodiment, branching morphogenesis activity is assessed by monitoring neovascularization and angiogenesis. Animal models with defective and normal branching morphogenesis are used to test the candidate modulator's affect on MAP4K in Matrigel® assays. Matrigel® is an extract of basement membrane proteins, and is composed primarily of laminin, collagen W, and heparin sulfate proteoglycan. It is provided as a sterile liquid at 4° C., but rapidly forms a solid gel at 37° C. Liquid Matrigel® is mixed with various angiogenic agents, such as bFGF and VEGF, or with human tumor cells which over-express the MAP4K. The mixture is then injected subcutaneously(SC) into female athymic nude mice (Taconic, Germantown, N.Y.) to support an intense vascular response. Mice with Matrigel® pellets may be dosed via oral (PO), intraperitoneal (IP), or intravenous (IV) routes with the candidate modulator. Mice are euthanized 5-12 days post-injection, and the Matrigel® pellet is harvested for hemoglobin analysis (Sigma plasma hemoglobin kit). Hemoglobin content of the gel is found to correlate the degree of neovascularization in the gel.

[0113] In another preferred embodiment, the effect of the candidate modulator on MAP4K is assessed via tumorigenicity assays. In one example, a xenograft comprising human cells from a pre-existing tumor or a tumor cell line known to be angiogenic is used; exemplary cell lines include A431, Colo205, MDA-MB-435, A673, A375, Calu-6, MDA-MB-231, 460, SF763T, or SKOV3tp5. Tumor xenograft assays are known in the art (see, e.g., Ogawa K et al., 2000, Oncogene 19:6043-6052). Xenografts are typically implanted SC into female athymic mice, 6-7 week old, as single cell suspensions either from a pre-existing tumor or from in vitro culture. The tumors which express the MAP4K endogenously are injected in the flank, 1×10⁵ to 1×10⁷ cells per mouse in a volume of 100 μL using a 27 gauge needle. Mice are then ear tagged and tumors are measured twice weekly. Candidate modulator treatment is initiated on the day the mean tumor weight reaches 100 mg. Candidate modulator is delivered IV, SC, IP, or PO by bolus administration. Depending upon the pharmacokinetics of each unique candidate modulator, dosing can be performed multiple times per day. The tumor weight is assessed by measuring perpendicular diameters with a caliper and calculated by multiplying the measurements of diameters in two dimensions. At the end of the experiment, the excised tumors maybe utilized for biomarker identification or further analyses. For immunohistochemistry staining, xenograft tumors are fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.1M phosphate, pH 7.2, for 6 hours at 4° C., immersed in 30% sucrose in PBS, and rapidly frozen in isopentane cooled with liquid nitrogen.

[0114] In another preferred embodiment, tumorogenicity is monitored using a hollow fiber assay, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,413. Briefly, the method comprises implanting into a laboratory animal a biocompatible, semi-permeable encapsulation device containing target cells, treating the laboratory animal with a candidate modulating agent, and evaluating the target cells for reaction to the candidate modulator. Implanted cells are generally human cells from a pre-existing tumor or a tumor cell line known to be angiogenic. After an appropriate period of time, generally around six days, the implanted samples are harvested for evaluation of the candidate modulator. Tumorogenicity and modulator efficacy may be evaluated by assaying the quantity of viable cells present in the macrocapsule, which can be determined by tests known in the art, for example, MTT dye conversion assay, neutral red dye uptake, trypan blue staining, viable cell counts, the number of colonies formed in soft agar, the capacity of the cells to recover and replicate in vitro, etc. Other assays specific to angiogenesis, as are known in the art and described herein, may also be used.

[0115] In another preferred embodiment, a tumorogenicity assay use a transgenic animal, usually a mouse, carrying a dominant oncogene or tumor suppressor gene knockout under the control of tissue specific regulatory sequences; these assays are generally referred to as transgenic tumor assays. In a preferred application, tumor development in the transgenic model is well characterized or is controlled. In an exemplary model, the “RIP1-Tag2” transgene, comprising the SV40 large T-antigen oncogene under control of the insulin gene regulatory regions is expressed in pancreatic beta cells and results in islet cell carcinomas (Hanahan D, 1985, Nature 315:115-122; Parangi S et al, 1996, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 2002-2007; Bergers G et al, 1999, Science 284:808-812). An “angiogenic switch,” occurs at approximately five weeks, as normally quiescent capillaries in a subset of hyperproliferative islets become angiogenic. The RIP1-TAG2 mice die by age 14 weeks. Candidate modulators may be administered at a variety of stages, including just prior to the angiogenic switch (e.g., for a model of tumor prevention), during the growth of small tumors (e.g., for a model of intervention), or during the growth of large and/or invasive tumors (e.g., for a model of regression). Tumorogenicity and modulator efficacy can be evaluating life-span extension and/or tumor characteristics, including number of tumors, tumor size, tumor morphology, vessel density, apoptotic index, etc.

[0116] Diagnostic and Therapeutic Uses

[0117] Specific MAP4K-modulating agents are useful in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications where disease or disease prognosis is related to defects in branching morphogenesis, such as angiogenic, apoptotic, or cell proliferation disorders. Accordingly, the invention also provides methods for modulating branching morphogenesis in a cell, preferably a cell pre-determined to have defective or impaired branching morphogenesis function (e.g. due to overexpression, underexpression, or misexpression of branching morphogenesis, or due to gene mutations), comprising the step of administering an agent to the cell that specifically modulates MAP4K activity. Preferably, the modulating agent produces a detectable phenotypic change in the cell indicating that the branching morphogenesis function is restored. The phrase “function is restored”, and equivalents, as used herein, means that the desired phenotype is achieved, or is brought closer to normal compared to untreated cells. For example, with restored branching morphogenesis function, cell proliferation and/or progression through cell cycle may normalize, or be brought closer to normal relative to untreated cells. The invention also provides methods for treating disorders or disease associated with impaired branching morphogenesis function by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MAP4K-modulating agent that modulates branching morphogenesis. The invention further provides methods for modulating MAP4K function in a cell, preferably a cell pre-determined to have defective or impaired MAP4K function, by administering a MAP4K-modulating agent. Additionally, the invention provides a method for treating disorders or disease associated with impaired MAP4K function by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MAP4K-modulating agent.

[0118] The discovery that MAP4K is implicated in branching morphogenesis provides for a variety of methods that can be employed for the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of diseases and disorders involving defects in branching morphogenesis and for the identification of subjects having a predisposition to such diseases and disorders.

[0119] Various expression analysis methods can be used to diagnose whether MAP4K expression occurs in a particular sample, including Northern blotting, slot blotting, ribonuclease protection, quantitative RT-PCR, and microarray analysis. (e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1994) Ausubel F M et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., chapter 4; Freeman W M et al., Biotechniques (1999) 26:112-125; Kallioniemi O P, Ann Med 2001, 33:142-147; Blohm and Guiseppi-Elie, Curr Opin Biotechnol 2001, 12:41-47). Tissues having a disease or disorder implicating defective branching morphogenesis signaling that express a MAP4K, are identified as amenable to treatment with a MAP4K modulating agent. In a preferred application, the branching morphogenesis defective tissue overexpresses a MAP4K relative to normal tissue. For example, a Northern blot analysis of mRNA from tumor and normal cell lines, or from tumor and matching normal tissue samples from the same patient, using full or partial MAP4K cDNA sequences as probes, can determine whether particular tumors express or overexpress MAP4K. Alternatively, the TaqMan® is used for quantitative RT-PCR analysis of MAP4K expression in cell lines, normal tissues and tumor samples (PE Applied Biosystems).

[0120] Various other diagnostic methods may be performed, for example, utilizing reagents such as the MAP4K oligonucleotides, and antibodies directed against a MAP4K, as described above for: (1) the detection of the presence of MAP4K gene mutations, or the detection of either over- or under-expression of MAP4K mRNA relative to the non-disorder state; (2) the detection of either an over- or an under-abundance of MAP4K gene product relative to the non-disorder state; and (3) the detection of perturbations or abnormalities in the signal transduction pathway mediated by MAP4K.

[0121] Thus, in a specific embodiment, the invention is drawn to a method for diagnosing a disease or disorder in a patient that is associated with alterations in MAP4K expression, the method comprising: a) obtaining a biological sample from the patient; b) contacting the sample with a probe for MAP4K expression; c) comparing results from step (b) with a control; and d) determining whether step (c) indicates a likelihood of the disease or disorder. Preferably, the disease is cancer, most preferably a cancer as shown in TABLE 1. The probe may be either DNA or protein, including an antibody.

EXAMPLES

[0122] The following experimental section and examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

[0123] I. Drosophila Assays

[0124] Genetic screens were designed to identify modifiers of branching morphogenesis in Drosophila. Briefly, Drosophila embryos (approximately stage 16) that were homozygous for lethal insertions of a piggyBac (Fraser M et al., Virology (1985) 145:356-361) or P-element transposon were screened for tracheal defects using monoclonal antibody 2A12 (Samakovlis C, et al., Development (1996) 122:1395-1407; Patel N H. (1994) Practical Uses in Cell and Molecular Biology. Eds LSB Goldstein and EA Fryberg. Vol 44 pp446-488. San Diego Academic Press). Sequence information surrounding the transposon insertion site was used to identify the gene mutated by the insertion. The homozygous disruption of the Drosophila CG7097 was identified as associated with tracheal defects.

[0125] BLAST analysis (Altschul et al., supra) was employed to identify Targets from Drosophila modifiers. For example, representative sequences from MAP4K, GI#s 6005810, 22035600, 15451902, and 14589909 (SEQ ID NOs: 17, 19, 20, and 22 respectively), share 58%, 34%, 41% and 40% amino acid identity, respectively, with the Drosophila CG7097.

[0126] Various domains, signals, and functional subunits in proteins were analyzed using the PSORT (Nakai K., and Horton P., Trends Biochem Sci, 1999, 24:34-6; Kenta Nakai, Protein sorting signals and prediction of subcellular localization, Adv. Protein Chem. 54, 277-344 (2000)), PFAM (Bateman A., et al., Nucleic Acids Res, 1999, 27:260-2), SMART (Ponting CP, et al., SMART: identification and annotation of domains from signaling and extracellular protein sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. Jan. 1, 1999;27(1):229-32), TM-HMM (Erik L. L. Sonnhammer, Gunnar von Heijne, and Anders Krogh: A hidden Markov model for predicting transmembrane helices in protein sequences. In Proc. of Sixth Int. Conf. on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, p 175-182 Ed J. Glasgow, T. Littlejohn, F. Major, R. Lathrop, D. Sankoff, and C. Sensen Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press, 1998), and clust (Remm M, and Sonnhammer E. Classification of transmembrane protein families in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome and identification of human orthologs. Genome Res. November 2000;10(11): 1679-89) programs. For example, the kinase domains (PFAM 00069) of MAP4Ks from GI#s 6005810, 22035600, 15451902, and 14589909 (SEQ ID NOs: 17, 19, 20, and 22 respectively) are located respectively at approximately amino acid residues 17-274, 16-273, 16-273, and 20-277. Moreover, the CNH domains (PFAM 00780) of MAP4Ks from GI#s 6005810, 22035600, 15451902, and 14589909 (SEQ ID NOs: 17, 19, 20, and 22 respectively) are located respectively at approximately amino acid residues 501-807, 488-800, 562-874, and 512-826.

[0127] II. Proliferation Assay

[0128] Human umbilical endothelial cells (HMVEC) are maintained at 37° C. in flasks or plates coated with 1.5% porcine skin gelatin (300 bloom, Sigma) in Growth medium (Clonetics Corp.) supplemented with 10-20% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone). Cells are grown to confluency and used up to the seventh passage. Stimulation medium consists of 50% Sigma 99 media and 50% RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine and additional supplementation with 10 μg/ml insulin-transferrin-selenium (Gibco BRL) and 10% FBS.

[0129] Cell growth is stimulated by incubation in Stimulation medium supplemented with 20 ng/ml of VEGF. Cell culture assays are carried out in triplicate. Cells are transfected with a mixture of 10 μg of pSV7d expression vectors carrying the MAP4K or the MAP4K coding sequences and 1 μg of pSV2 expression vector carrying the neo resistance gene with the Lipofectin reagent (Life Technologies, Inc.). Stable integrants are selected using 500 μg/ml G418; cloning was carried out by colony isolation using a Pasteur pipette. Transformants are screened by their ability to specifically bind iodinated VEGF. Proliferation assays are performed on growth-arrested cells seeded in 24-well cluster plates. The cell monolayers are incubated in serum-free medium with the modulators and 1 μCi of [3H]thymidine (47 Ci/mmol) for 4 h. The insoluble material is precipitated for 10 min with 10% trichloroacetic acid, neutralized, and dissolved in 0.2 M NaOH, and the radioactivity is counted in a scintillation counter.

[0130] III. High-Throughput In Vitro Fluorescence Polarization Assay

[0131] Fluorescently-labeled MAP4K peptide/substrate are added to each well of a 96-well microtiter plate, along with a test agent in a test buffer (10 mM HEPES, 10 mM NaCl, 6 mM magnesium chloride, pH 7.6). Changes in fluorescence polarization, determined by using a Fluorolite FPM-2 Fluorescence Polarization Microtiter System (Dynatech Laboratories, Inc), relative to control values indicates the test compound is a candidate modifier of MAP4K activity.

[0132] IV. High-Throughput In Vitro Binding Assay.

[0133]³³P-labeled MAP4K peptide is added in an assay buffer (100 mM KCl, 20 mM HEPES pH 7.6, 1 mM MgCl₂, 1% glycerol, 0.5% NP-40, 50 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, 1 mg/ml BSA, cocktail of protease inhibitors) along with a test agent to the wells of a Neutralite-avidin coated assay plate and incubated at 25° C. for 1 hour. Biotinylated substrate is then added to each well and incubated for 1 hour. Reactions are stopped by washing with PBS, and counted in a scintillation counter. Test agents that cause a difference in activity relative to control without test agent are identified as candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agents.

[0134] V. Immunoprecipitations and Immunoblotting

[0135] For coprecipitation of transfected proteins, 3×10⁶ appropriate recombinant cells containing the MAP4K proteins are plated on 10-cm dishes and transfected on the following day with expression constructs. The total amount of DNA is kept constant in each transfection by adding empty vector. After 24 h, cells are collected, washed once with phosphate-buffered saline and lysed for 20 min on ice in 1 ml of lysis buffer containing 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.9, 250 mM NaCl, 20 mM -glycerophosphate, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 5 mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate, 2 mM dithiothreitol, protease inhibitors (complete, Roche Molecular Biochemicals), and 1% Nonidet P-40. Cellular debris is removed by centrifugation twice at 15,000×g for 15 min. The cell lysate is incubated with 25 μl of M2 beads (Sigma) for 2 h at 4° C. with gentle rocking.

[0136] After extensive washing with lysis buffer, proteins bound to the beads are solubilized by boiling in SDS sample buffer, fractionated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and blotted with the indicated antibodies. The reactive bands are visualized with horseradish peroxidase coupled to the appropriate secondary antibodies and the enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) Western blotting detection system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).

[0137] VI. Kinase Assay

[0138] A purified or partially purified MAP4K is diluted in a suitable reaction buffer, e.g., 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, containing magnesium chloride or manganese chloride (1-20 mM) and a peptide or polypeptide substrate, such as myelin basic protein or casein (1-10 μg/ml). The final concentration of the kinase is 1-20 nM. The enzyme reaction is conducted in microtiter plates to facilitate optimization of reaction conditions by increasing assay throughput. A 96-well microtiter plate is employed using a final volume 30-100 μl. The reaction is initiated by the addition of ³³P-gamma-ATP (0.5 μCi/ml) and incubated for 0.5 to 3 hours at room temperature. Negative controls are provided by the addition of EDTA, which chelates the divalent cation (Mg2⁺ or Mn²⁺) required for enzymatic activity. Following the incubation, the enzyme reaction is quenched using EDTA. Samples of the reaction are transferred to a 96-well glass fiber filter plate (MultiScreen, Millipore). The filters are subsequently washed with phosphate-buffered saline, dilute phosphoric acid (0.5%) or other suitable medium to remove excess radiolabeled ATP. Scintillation cocktail is added to the filter plate and the incorporated radioactivity is quantitated by scintillation counting (Wallac/Perkin Elmer). Activity is defined by the amount of radioactivity detected following subtraction of the negative control reaction value (EDTA quench).

[0139] VII. Expression Analysis

[0140] All cell lines used in the following experiments are NCI (National Cancer Institute) lines, and are available from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209). Normal and tumor tissues were obtained from Impath, U C Davis, Clontech, Stratagene, and Ambion.

[0141] TaqMan analysis was used to assess expression levels of the disclosed genes in various samples.

[0142] RNA was extracted from each tissue sample using Qiagen (Valencia, Calif.) RNeasy kits, following manufacturer's protocols, to a final concentration of 50 ng/μt. Single stranded cDNA was then synthesized by reverse transcribing the RNA samples using random hexamers and 500 ng of total RNA per reaction, following protocol 4304965 of Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.).

[0143] Primers for expression analysis using TaqMan assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) were prepared according to the TaqMan protocols, and the following criteria: a) primer pairs were designed to span introns to eliminate genomic contamination, and b) each primer pair produced only one product.

[0144] Taqman reactions were carried out following manufacturer's protocols, in 25 μl total volume for 96-well plates and 10 μl total volume for 384-well plates, using 300 nM primer and 250 nM probe, and approximately 25 ng of cDNA. The standard curve for result analysis was prepared using a universal pool of human cDNA samples, which is a mixture of cDNAs from a wide variety of tissues so that the chance that a target will be present in appreciable amounts is good. The raw data were normalized using 18S rRNA (universally expressed in all tissues and cells).

[0145] For each expression analysis, tumor tissue samples were compared with matched normal tissues from the same patient. A gene was considered overexpressed in a tumor when the level of expression of the gene was 2 fold or higher in the tumor compared with its matched normal sample. In cases where normal tissue was not available, a universal pool of cDNA samples was used instead. In these cases, a gene was considered overexpressed in a tumor sample when the difference of expression levels between a tumor sample and the average of all normal samples from the same tissue type was greater than 2 times the standard deviation of all normal samples (i.e., Tumor−average(all normal samples)>2×STDEV(all normal samples)).

[0146] Results are shown in Table 1. Number of pairs of tumor samples and matched normal tissue from the same patient are shown for each tumor type. Percentage of the samples with at least two-fold overexpression for each tumor type is provided (ND indicates not done). A modulator identified by an assay described herein can be further validated for therapeutic effect by administration to a tumor in which the gene is overexpressed. A decrease in tumor growth confirms therapeutic utility of the modulator. Prior to treating a patient with the modulator, the likelihood that the patient will respond to treatment can be diagnosed by obtaining a tumor sample from the patient, and assaying for expression of the gene targeted by the modulator. The expression data for the gene(s) can also be used as a diagnostic marker for disease progression. The assay can be performed by expression analysis as described above, by antibody directed to the gene target, or by any other available detection method. TABLE 1 SEQ Head ID # of Co- # of and # of Kid- #of # of Ov- # of Ut- # of Pros- # of # of GI# NO: Breast Pairs lon Pairs Neck Pairs ney Pairs Lung Pairs ary Pairs erus Pairs tate Pairs Skin Pairs 6005809  1 32% 19  9% 33 50% 8 63% 24 10% 21 25% 12 11% 19 17% 12 67%  3 4759009  3  0% 11  3% 30 ND ND ND ND  0% 13 14%  7 ND ND ND ND ND ND 15451901  7  0% 19 12% 33 13% 8  0% 24  5% 21  8% 12  5% 19 17% 12  0%  3 14589908 11 33% 12 13% 30 ND ND ND ND 43% 14 14%  7 ND ND ND ND ND ND

[0147]

1 22 1 2732 DNA Homo sapiens 1 gtctttattt cagtcccgga tccgcgggcg caggcccagc tcaggccccc agggatggac 60 gtcgtggacc ctgacatttt caatagagac ccccgggacc actatgacct gctacagcgg 120 ctgggtggcg gcacgtatgg ggaagtcttt aaggctcgag acaaggtgtc aggggacctg 180 gtggcactga agatggtgaa gatggagcct gatgatgatg tctccaccct tcagaaggaa 240 atcctcatat tgaaaacttg ccggcacgcc aacatcgtgg cctaccatgg gagttatctc 300 tggttgcaga aactctggat ctgcatggaa ttctgtgggg ctggttctct ccaggacatc 360 taccaagtga caggctccct gtcagagctc cagattagct atgtctgccg ggaagtgctc 420 cagggactgg cctatttgca ctcacagaag aagatacaca gggacatcaa gggagctaac 480 atcctcatca atgatgctgg ggaggtcaga ttggctgact ttggcatctc ggcccagatt 540 ggggctacac tggccagacg cctctctttc attgggacac cctactggat ggctccggaa 600 gtggcagctg tggccctgaa gggaggatac aatgagctgt gtgacatctg gtccctgggc 660 atcacggcca tcgaactggc cgagctacag ccaccgctct ttgatgtgca ccctctcaga 720 gttctcttcc tcatgaccaa gagtggctac cagcctcccc gactgaagga aaaaggcaaa 780 tggtcggctg ccttccacaa cttcatcaaa gtcactctga ctaagagtcc caagaaacga 840 cccagcgcca ccaagatgct cagtcatcaa ctggtatccc agcctgggct gaatcgaggc 900 ctgatcctgg atcttcttga caaactgaag aatcccggga aaggaccctc cattggggac 960 attgaggatg aggagcccga gctaccccct gctatccctc ggcggatcag atccacccac 1020 cgctccagct ctctggggat cccagatgca gactgctgtc ggcggcacat ggagttcagg 1080 aagctccgag gaatggagac cagaccccca gccaacaccg ctcgcctaca gcctcctcga 1140 gacctcagga gcagcagccc caggaagcaa ctgtcagagt cgtctgacga tgactatgac 1200 gacgtggaca tccccacccc tgcagaggac acacctcctc cacttccccc caagcccaag 1260 ttccgttctc catcagacga gggtcctggg agcatggggg atgatgggca gctgagcccg 1320 ggggtgctgg tccggtgtgc cagtgggccc ccaccaaaca gcccccgtcc tgggcctccc 1380 ccatccacca gcagccccca cctcaccgcc cattcagaac cctcactctg gaacccaccc 1440 tcccgggagc ttgacaagcc cccacttctg ccccccaaga aggaaaagat gaagagaaag 1500 ggatgtgccc ttctcgtaaa gttgttcaat ggctgccccc tccggatcca cagcacggcc 1560 gcctggacac atccctccac caaggaccag cacctgctcc tgggggcaga ggaaggcatc 1620 ttcatcctga accggaatga ccaggaggcc acgctggaaa tgctctttcc tagccggact 1680 acgtgggtgt actccatcaa caacgttctc atgtctctct caggaaagac cccccacctg 1740 tattctcata gcatccttgg cctgctggaa cggaaagaga ccagagcagg aaaccccatc 1800 gctcacatta gcccccaccg cctactggca aggaagaaca tggtttccac caagatccag 1860 gacaccaaag gctgccgggc gtgctgtgtg gcggagggtg cgagctctgg gggcccgttc 1920 ctgtgcggtg cattggagac gtccgttgtc ctgcttcagt ggtaccagcc catgaacaaa 1980 ttcctgcttg tccggcaggt gctgttccca ctgccgacgc ctctgtccgt gttcgcgctg 2040 ctgaccgggc caggctctga gctgcccgct gtgtgcatcg gcgtgagccc cgggcggccg 2100 gggaagtcgg tgctcttcca cacggtgcgc tttggcgcgc tctcttgctg gctgggcgag 2160 atgagcaccg agcacagggg acccgtgcag gtgacccagg tagaggaaga tatggtgatg 2220 gtgttgatgg atggctctgt gaagctggtg accccggagg ggtccccagt ccggggactt 2280 cgcacacctg agatccccat gaccgaagcg gtggaggccg tggctatggt tggaggtcag 2340 cttcaggcct tctggaagca tggagtgcag gtgtgggctc taggctcgga tcagctgcta 2400 caggagctga gagaccctac cctcactttc cgtctgcttg gctcccccag gctggagtgc 2460 agtggcacga tctcgcctca ctgcaacctc ctcctcccag gttcaagcaa ttctcctgcc 2520 tcagcctccc gagtagctgg gattacaggc ctgtagtggt ggagacacgc ccagtggatg 2580 atcctactgc tcccagcaac ctctacatcc aggaatgagt ccctaggggg gtgtcaggaa 2640 ctagtccttg caccccctcc cccatagaca cactagtggt catggcatgt cctcatctcc 2700 caataaacat gactttagcc tctgcaaaaa aa 2732 2 2732 DNA Homo sapiens 2 gtctttattt cagtcccgga tccgcgggcg caggcccagc tcaggccccc agggatggac 60 gtcgtggacc ctgacatttt caatagagac ccccgggacc actatgacct gctacagcgg 120 ctgggtggcg gcacgtatgg ggaagtcttt aaggctcgag acaaggtgtc aggggacctg 180 gtggcactga agatggtgaa gatggagcct gatgatgatg tctccaccct tcagaaggaa 240 atcctcatat tgaaaacttg ccggcacgcc aacatcgtgg cctaccatgg gagttatctc 300 tggttgcaga aactctggat ctgcatggaa ttctgtgggg ctggttctct ccaggacatc 360 taccaagtga caggctccct gtcagagctc cagattagct atgtctgccg ggaagtgctc 420 cagggactgg cctatttgca ctcacagaag aagatacaca gggacatcaa gggagctaac 480 atcctcatca atgatgctgg ggaggtcaga ttggctgact ttggcatctc ggcccagatt 540 ggggctacac tggccagacg cctctctttc attgggacac cctactggat ggctccggaa 600 gtggcagctg tggccctgaa gggaggatac aatgagctgt gtgacatctg gtccctgggc 660 atcacggcca tcgaactggc cgagctacag ccaccgctct ttgatgtgca ccctctcaga 720 gttctcttcc tcatgaccaa gagtggctac cagcctcccc gactgaagga aaaaggcaaa 780 tggtcggctg ccttccacaa cttcatcaaa gtcactctga ctaagagtcc caagaaacga 840 cccagcgcca ccaagatgct cagtcatcaa ctggtatccc agcctgggct gaatcgaggc 900 ctgatcctgg atcttcttga caaactgaag aatcccggga aaggaccctc cattggggac 960 attgaggatg aggagcccga gctaccccct gctatccctc ggcggatcag atccacccac 1020 cgctccagct ctctggggat cccagatgca gactgctgtc ggcggcacat ggagttcagg 1080 aagctccgag gaatggagac cagaccccca gccaacaccg ctcgcctaca gcctcctcga 1140 gacctcagga gcagcagccc caggaagcaa ctgtcagagt cgtctgacga tgactatgac 1200 gacgtggaca tccccacccc tgcagaggac acacctcctc cacttccccc caagcccaag 1260 ttccgttctc catcagacga gggtcctggg agcatggggg atgatgggca gctgagcccg 1320 ggggtgctgg tccggtgtgc cagtgggccc ccaccaaaca gcccccgtcc tgggcctccc 1380 ccatccacca gcagccccca cctcaccgcc cattcagaac cctcactctg gaacccaccc 1440 tcccgggagc ttgacaagcc cccacttctg ccccccaaga aggaaaagat gaagagaaag 1500 ggatgtgccc ttctcgtaaa gttgttcaat ggctgccccc tccggatcca cagcacggcc 1560 gcctggacac atccctccac caaggaccag cacctgctcc tgggggcaga ggaaggcatc 1620 ttcatcctga accggaatga ccaggaggcc acgctggaaa tgctctttcc tagccggact 1680 acgtgggtgt actccatcaa caacgttctc atgtctctct caggaaagac cccccacctg 1740 tattctcata gcatccttgg cctgctggaa cggaaagaga ccagagcagg aaaccccatc 1800 gctcacatta gcccccaccg cctactggca aggaagaaca tggtttccac caagatccag 1860 gacaccaaag gctgccgggc gtgctgtgtg gcggagggtg cgagctctgg gggcccgttc 1920 ctgtgcggtg cattggagac gtccgttgtc ctgcttcagt ggtaccagcc catgaacaaa 1980 ttcctgcttg tccggcaggt gctgttccca ctgccgacgc ctctgtccgt gttcgcgctg 2040 ctgaccgggc caggctctga gctgcccgct gtgtgcatcg gcgtgagccc cgggcggccg 2100 gggaagtcgg tgctcttcca cacggtgcgc tttggcgcgc tctcttgctg gctgggcgag 2160 atgagcaccg agcacagggg acccgtgcag gtgacccagg tagaggaaga tatggtgatg 2220 gtgttgatgg atggctctgt gaagctggtg accccggagg ggtccccagt ccggggactt 2280 cgcacacctg agatccccat gaccgaagcg gtggaggccg tggctatggt tggaggtcag 2340 cttcaggcct tctggaagca tggagtgcag gtgtgggctc taggctcgga tcagctgcta 2400 caggagctga gagaccctac cctcactttc cgtctgcttg gctcccccag gctggagtgc 2460 agtggcacga tctcgcctca ctgcaacctc ctcctcccag gttcaagcaa ttctcctgcc 2520 tcagcctccc gagtagctgg gattacaggc ctgtagtggt ggagacacgc ccagtggatg 2580 atcctactgc tcccagcaac ctctacatcc aggaatgagt ccctaggggg gtgtcaggaa 2640 ctagtccttg caccccctcc cccatagaca cactagtggt catggcatgt cctcatctcc 2700 caataaacat gactttagcc tctgcaaaaa aa 2732 3 2906 DNA Homo sapiens 3 gctccggccc gccccgctgc ccggcccgcg cgccgggcca tggagctgcg ggatgtgtcg 60 ctgcaggacc cgcgggaccg cttcgagctg ctgcagcgcg tgggggccgg gacctatggc 120 gacgtctaca aggcccgcga cacggtcacg tccgaactgg ccgccgtgaa gatagtcaag 180 ctagacccag gggacgacat cagctccctc cagcaggaaa tcaccatcct gcgtgagtgc 240 cgccacccca atgtggtggc ctacattggc agctacctca ggaatgaccg cttgtggatc 300 tgcatggagt tctgcggagg gggctccctg caggagattt accatgccac tgggcccctg 360 gaggagcggc agattgccta cgtctgccga gagcgactga aggggctcca ccacctgcat 420 tctcagggga agatccacag agacatcaag ggagccaacc ttctcctcac tctccaggga 480 gatgtcaaac tggctgactt tggggtgtca ggcgagctga cagcgtctgt ggccaagagg 540 aggtctttca ttgggactcc ctactggatg gctcccgagg tggctgctgt ggagcgcaaa 600 ggtggctaca atgagctatg tgacgtctgg gccctgggca tcactgccat tgagctgggc 660 gagctgcagc cccctctgtt ccacctgcac cccatgaggg ccctgatgct catgtcgaag 720 agcagcttcc agccgcccaa actgagagat aagactcgct ggacccagaa tttccaccac 780 tttctcaaac tggccctgac caagaatcct aagaagaggc cgacagcaga gaagctcctg 840 cagcacccgt tcacgactca gcagctccct cgggccctcc tcacacagct gctggacaaa 900 gccagtgacc ctcatctggg gaccccctcc cctgaggact gtgagctgga gacctatgac 960 atgtttccag acaccattca ctcccggggg cagcacggcc cagccgagag gaccccctcg 1020 gagatccagt ttcaccaggt gaaatttggc gccccacgca ggaaggaaac tgacccactg 1080 aatgagccgt gggaggaaga gtggacacta ctgggaaagg aagagttgag tgggagcctg 1140 ctgcagtcgg tccaggaggc cctggaggaa aggagtctga ctattcggtc agcctcagaa 1200 ttccaggagc tggactcccc agacgatacc atgggaacca tcaagcgggc cccgttccta 1260 gggccactcc ccactgaccc tccagcagag gagcctctgt ccagtccccc aggaaccctg 1320 cccccacctc cttcaggccc caacagctcc ccactgctgc ccacggcctg ggccaccatg 1380 aagcagcggg aggatcctga gaggtcatcc tgccacgggc tccccccaac tcccaaggtg 1440 catatgggcg cctgcttctc caaggtcttc aatggctgcc ccctgcggat ccacgctgct 1500 gtcacctgga ttcaccctgt tactcgggac cagttcctgg tggtaggggc cgaggaaggc 1560 atctacacac tcaacctgca tgaactgcat gaggatacgc tggagaagct gatttcacat 1620 cgctgctcct ggctctactg cgtgaacaac gtgctgctgt cactctcagg gaaatccacg 1680 cacatctggg cccatgacct cccaggcctg tttgagcagc ggaggctaca gcaacaggtt 1740 cccctctcca tccccaccaa ccgcctcacc cagcgcatca tccccaggcg ctttgctctg 1800 tccaccaaga ttcctgacac caaaggctgc ttgcagtgtc gtgtggtgcg gaacccctac 1860 acgggtgcca ccttcctgct ggccgccctg cccaccagcc tgctcctgct gcagtggtat 1920 gagccgctgc agaagtttct gctgctgaag aacttctcca gccctctgcc cagcccagct 1980 gggatgctgg agccgctggt gctggatggg aaggagctgc cgcaggtgtg tgttggggcc 2040 gaggggcctg aggggcccgg ctgccgcgtc ctgttccatg tcctgcccct ggaggctggc 2100 ctgacgcccg acatcctcat cccacctgag gggatcccag gctcggccca gcaggtgatc 2160 caggtggaca gggacacaat cctagtcagc tttgaacgct gtgtgaggat tgtcaacatg 2220 cagggcgagc ccacggccac actggcacct gagctgacct ttgatttccc catcgagact 2280 gtggtgtgcc tgcaggacag tgtgctggcc ttctggagcc atgggatgca aggccgaagc 2340 ctggatacca atgaggtgac ccaggagatc acagatgaaa caaggatctt ccgagtgctt 2400 ggggcccaca gagacatcat cctggagagc attcccactg acaacccaga ggcgcacagc 2460 aacctctaca tcctcacggg ccaccagagc acctactaag agcagcgggc ctgtccaggc 2520 tccccgcccc accccacgcc ttagctgcag gcccttttgg gcaaaggggc ccatcctaga 2580 ccagaggagc ccaggccctg gccctgctgg ggctgaaggt cagaagtaat cctgagaaat 2640 gtttcaggcc tggggaggga ggggagcccc cgacgcctct gcaataactg gaccaggggg 2700 agctgctgtc actcccccat ccccgaggca gcccagtccc tagtgcccaa ggcagggacc 2760 ctgggcctgg gccatccatt ccattttgtt ccacatttcc tttctactct ttctgccaag 2820 agcctgcccc tgcatttgtc ctgggaaaca cggtatttaa gagagaacta tattggtatt 2880 aaagctggtt tgttttaaaa aaaaaa 2906 4 2871 DNA Homo sapiens 4 gcgccgggcc atggcgctgc tgcgggatgt gtcgctgcag gacccgcggg accgcttcga 60 gctgctgcag cgcgtggggg ccgggaccta tggcgacgtc tacaaggccc gcgacacggt 120 cacgtccgaa ctggccgccg tgaagatagt caagctagac ccaggggacg acatcagctc 180 cctccagcag gaaatcacca tcctgcgtga gtgccgccac cccaatgtgg tggcctacat 240 tggcagctac ctcaggaatg accgcttgtg gatctgcatg gagttctgcg gagggggctc 300 cctgcaggag atttaccatg ccactgggcc cctggaggag cggcagattg cctacgtctg 360 ccgagaggca ctgaaggggc tccaccacct gcattctcag gggaagatcc acagagacat 420 caagggagcc aaccttctcc tcactctcca gggagatgtc aaactggctg actttggggt 480 gtcaggcgag ctgacagcgt ctgtggccaa gaggaggtct ttcattggga ctccctactg 540 gatggctccc gaggtggctg ctgtggagcg caaaggtggc tacaatgagc tatgtgacgt 600 ctgggccctg ggcatcactg ccattgagct gggcgagctg cagccccctc tgttccacct 660 gcaccccatg agggccctga tgctcatgtc gaagagcagc ttccagccgc ccaaactgag 720 agataagact cgctggaccc agaatttcca ccactttctc aaactggccc tgaccaagaa 780 tcctaagaag aggccgacag cagagaagct cctgcagcac ccgttcacga ctcagcagct 840 ccctcgggcc ctcctcacac agctgctgga caaagccagt gaccctcatc tggggacccc 900 ctcccctgag gactgtgagc tggagaccta tgacatgttt ccagacacca ttcactcccg 960 ggggcagcac ggcccagccg agaggacccc ctcggagatc cagttcacca ggtgaaattt 1020 ggcgccccac gcaggaagga aactgaccca ctgaatgagc cgtgggagga agagtggaca 1080 ctactgggaa aggaagagtt gagtgggagc ctgctgcagt cggtccagga ggccctggag 1140 gaaaggagtc tgactattcg gtcagcctca gaattccagg agctggactc cccagacgat 1200 accatgggaa ccatcaagcg ggccccgttc ctagggccac tccccactga ccctccagca 1260 gaggagcctc tgtccagtcc cccaggaacc ctgcccccac ctccttcagg ccccaacagc 1320 tccccactgc tgcccacggc ctgggccacc atgaagcagc gggaggatcc tgagaggtca 1380 tcctgccacg ggctcccccc aactcccaag gtgcatatgg gcgcctgctt ctccaaggtc 1440 ttcaatggct gccccctgcg gatccacgct gctgtcacct ggattcaccc tgttactcgg 1500 gaccagttcc tggtggtagg ggccgaggaa ggcatctaca cactcaacct gcatgaactg 1560 catgaggata cgctggagaa gctgatttca catcgctgct cctggctcta ctgcgtgaac 1620 aacgtgctgc tgtcactctc agggaaatcc acgcacatct gggcccatga cctcccaggc 1680 ctgtttgagc agcggaggct acagcaacag gttcccctct ccatccccac caaccgcctc 1740 acccagcgca tcatccccag gcgctttgct ctgtccacca agattcctga caccaaaggc 1800 tgcttgcagt gtcgtgtggt gcggaacccc tacacgggtg ccaccttcct gctggccgcc 1860 ctgcccacca gcctgctcct gctgcagtgg tatgagccgc tgcagaagtt tctgctgctg 1920 aagaacttct ccagccctct gcccagccca gctgggatgc tggagccgct ggtgctggat 1980 gggaaggagc tgccgcaggt gtgtgttggg gccgaggggc ctgaggggcc cggctgccgc 2040 gtcctgttcc atgtcctgcc cctggaggct ggcctgacgc ccgacatcct catcccacct 2100 gaggggatcc caggctcggc ccagcaggtg atccaggtgg acagggacac aatcctagtc 2160 agctttgaac gctgtgtgag gattgtcaac atgcagggcg agcccacggc cacactggca 2220 cctgagctga cctttgattt ccccatcgag actgtggtgt gcctgcagga cagtgtgctg 2280 gccttctgga gccatgggat gcaaggccga agcctggata ccaatgaggt gacccaggag 2340 atcacagatg aaacaaggat cttccgagtg cttggggccc acagagacat catcctggag 2400 agcattccca ctgacaaccc agaggcgcac agcaacctct acatcctcac gggccaccag 2460 agcacctact aagagcagcg ggcctgtcca ggggctcccc gccccacccc acgccttagc 2520 tgcaggccct tttgggcaaa ggggcccatc ctagaccaga ggagcccagg ccctggccct 2580 gctggggctg aaggtcagaa gtaatcctga gaaatgtttc aggcctgggg agggagggga 2640 gcccccgacg cctctgcaat aactggacca gggggagctg ctgtcactcc cccatccccg 2700 aggcagccca gtccctagtg cccaaggcag ggaccctggg cctgggccat ccattccatt 2760 ttgttccaca tttcctttct actctttctg ccaagagcct gcccctgcat ttgtcctggg 2820 aaacacggta tttaagagag aactatattg gtattaaagc tggtttgttt t 2871 5 2964 DNA Homo sapiens 5 cagagccacg ggcgcccgcc ccgccccgcg ccgccccgcg ccggctccgc agctcgcgcc 60 cgcccgcctg ccggcccgcc cggcgccggg ccatggcgct gctgcgggat gtgtcgctgc 120 aggacccgcg ggaccgcttc gagctgctgc agcgcgtggg ggccgggacc tatggcgacg 180 tctacaaggc ccgcgacacg gtcacgtccg aactggccgc cgtgaagata gtcaagctag 240 acccagggga cgacatcagc tccctccagc aggaaatcac catcctgcgt gagtgccgcc 300 accccaatgt ggtggcctac attggcagct acctcaggaa tgaccgcttg tggatctgca 360 tggagttctg cggagggggc tccctgcagg agatttacca tgccactggg cccctggagg 420 agcggcagat tgcctacgtc tgccgagagg cactgaaggg gctccaccac ctgcattctc 480 aggggaagat ccacagagac atcaagggag ccaaccttct cctcactctc cagggagatg 540 tcaaactggc tgactttggg gtgtcaggcg agctgacagc gtctgtggcc aagaggaggt 600 ctttcattgg gactccctac tggatggctc ccgaggtggc tgctgtggag cgcaaaggtg 660 gctacaatga gctatgtgac gtctgggccc tgggcatcac tgccattgag ctgggcgagc 720 tgcagccccc tctgttccac ctgcacccca tgagggccct gatgctcatg tcgaagagca 780 gcttccagcc gcccaaactg agagataaga ctcgctggac ccagaatttc caccactttc 840 tcaaactggc cctgaccaag aatcctaaga agaggccgac agcagagaag ctcctgcagc 900 acccgttcac gactcagcag ctccctcggg ccctcctcac acagctgctg gacaaagcca 960 gtgaccctca tctggggacc ccctcccctg aggactgtga gctggagacc tatgacatgt 1020 ttccagacac cattcactcc cgggggcagc acggcccagc cgagaggacc ccctcggaga 1080 tccagtttca ccaggtgaaa tttggcgccc cacgcaggaa ggaaactgac ccactgaatg 1140 agccgtggga ggaagagtgg acactactgg gaaaggaaga gttgagtggg agcctgctgc 1200 agtcggtcca ggaggccctg gaggaaagga gtctgactat tcggtcagcc tcagaattcc 1260 aggagctgga ctccccagac gataccatgg gaaccatcaa gcgggccccg ttcctagggc 1320 cactccccac tgaccctcca gcagaggagc ctctgtccag tcccccagga accctgcccc 1380 cacctccttc aggccccaac agctccccac tgctgcccac ggcctgggcc accatgaagc 1440 agcgggagga tcctgagagg tcatcctgcc acgggctccc cccaactccc aaggtgcata 1500 tgggcgcctg cttctccaag gtcttcaatg gctgccccct gcggatccac gctgctgtca 1560 cctggattca ccctgttact cgggaccagt tcctggtggt aggggccgag gaaggcatct 1620 acacactcaa cctgcatgaa ctgcatgagg atacgctgga gaagctgatt tcacatcgct 1680 gctcctggct ctactgcgtg aacaacgtgc tgctgtcact ctcagggaaa tccacgcaca 1740 tctgggccca tgacctccca ggcctgtttg agcagcggag gctacagcaa caggttcccc 1800 tctccatccc caccaaccgc ctcacccagc gcatcatccc caggcgcttt gctctgtcca 1860 ccaagattcc tgacaccaaa ggctgcttgc agtgtcgtgt ggtgcggaac ccctacacgg 1920 gtgccacctt cctgctggcc gccctgccca ccagcctgct cctgctgcag tggtatgagc 1980 cgctgcagaa gtttctgctg ctgaagaact tctccagccc tctgcccagc ccagctggga 2040 tgctggagcc gctggtgctg gatgggaagg agctgccgca ggtgtgtgtt ggggccgagg 2100 ggcctgaggg gcccggctgc cgcgtcctgt tccatgtcct gcccctggag gctggcctga 2160 cgcccgacat cctcatccca cctgagggga tcccaggctc ggcccagcag gtgatccagg 2220 tggacaggga cacaatccta gtcagctttg aacgctgtgt gaggattgtc aacatgcagg 2280 gcgagcccac ggccacactg gcacctgagc tgacctttga tttccccatc gagactgtgg 2340 tgtgcctgca ggacagtgtg ctggccttct ggagccatgg gatgcaaggc cgaagcctgg 2400 ataccaatga ggtgacccag gagatcacag atgaaacaag gatcttccga gtgcttgggg 2460 cccacagaga catcatcctg gagagcattc ccactgacaa cccagaggcg cacagcaacc 2520 tctacatcct cacgggccac cagagcacct actaagagca gcgggcctgt ccaggggctc 2580 cccgccccac cccacgcctt agctgcaggc ccttttgggc aaaggggccc atcctagacc 2640 agaggagccc aggccctggc cctgctgggg ctgaaggtca gaagtaatcc tgagaaatgt 2700 ttcaggcctg gggagggagg ggagcccccg acgcctctgc aataactgga ccagggggag 2760 ctgctgtcac tcccccatcc ccgaggcagc ccagtcccta gtgcccaagg cagggaccct 2820 gggcctgggc catccattcc attttgttcc acatttcctt tctactcttt ctgccaagag 2880 cctgcccctg catttgtcct gggaaacacg gtatttaaga gagaactata ttggtattaa 2940 agctggtttg ttttaaaaaa aaaa 2964 6 2480 DNA Homo sapiens 6 ccatggagct gcgggatgtg tcgctgcagg acccgcggga ccgcttcgag ctgctgcagc 60 gcgtgggggc cgggacctat ggcgacgtct acaaggcccg cgacacggtc acgtccgaac 120 tggccgccgt gaagatagtc aagctagacc caggggacga catcagctcc ctccagcagg 180 aaatcaccat cctgcgtgag tgccgccacc ccaatgtggt ggcctacatt ggcagctacc 240 tcaggaatga ccgcttgtgg atctgcatgg agttctgcgg agggggctcc ctgcaggaga 300 tttaccatgc cactgggccc ctggaggagc ggcagattgc ctacgtctgc cgagaggcac 360 tgaaggggct ccaccacctg cattctcagg ggaagatcca cagagacatc aagggagcca 420 accttctcct cactctccag ggagatgtca aactggctga ctttggggtg tcaggcgagc 480 tgacagcgtc tgtggccaag aggaggtctt tcattgggac tccctactgg atggctcccg 540 aggtggctgc tgtggagcgc aaaggtggct acaatgagct atgtgacgtc tgggccctgg 600 gcatcactgc cattgagctg ggcgagctgc agccccctct gttccacctg caccccatga 660 gggccctgat gctcatgtcg aagagcagct tccagccgcc caaactgaga gataagactc 720 gctggaccca gaatttccac cactttctca aactggccct gaccaagaat cctaagaaga 780 ggccgacagc agagaagctc ctgcagcacc cgttcacgac tcagcagctc cctcgggccc 840 tcctcacaca gctgctggac aaagccagtg accctcatct ggggaccccc tcccctgagg 900 actgtgagct ggagacctat gacatgtttc cagacaccat tcactcccgg gggcagcacg 960 gcccagccga gaggaccccc tcggagatcc agtttcacca ggtgaaattt ggcgccccac 1020 gcaggaagga aactgaccca ctgaatgagc cgtgggagga agagtggaca ctactgggaa 1080 aggaagagtt gagtgggagc ctgctgcagt cggtccagga ggccctggag gaaaggagtc 1140 tgactattcg gtcagcctca gaattccagg agctggactc cccagacgat accatgggaa 1200 ccatcaagcg ggccccgttc ctagggccac tccccactga ccctccagca gaggagcctc 1260 tgtccagtcc cccaggaacc ctgcccccac ctccttcagg ccccaacagc tccccactgc 1320 tgcccacggc ctgggccacc atgaagcagc gggaggatcc tgagaggtca tcctgccacg 1380 ggctcccccc aactcccaag gtgcatatgg gcgcctgctt ctccaaggtc ttcaatggct 1440 gccccctgcg gatccacgct gctgtcacct ggattcaccc tgttactcgg gaccagttcc 1500 tggtggtagg ggccgaggaa ggcatctaca cactcaacct gcatgaactg catgaggata 1560 cgctggagaa gctgatttca catcgctgct cctggctcta ctgcgtgaac aacgtgctgc 1620 tgtcactctc agggaaatcc acgcacatct gggcccatga cctcccaggc ctgtttgagc 1680 agcggaggct acagcaacag gttcccctct ccatccccac caaccgcctc acccagcgca 1740 tcatccccag gcgctttgct ctgtccacca agattcctga caccaaaggc tgcttgcagt 1800 gtcgtgtggt gcggaacccc tacacgggtg ccaccttcct gctggccgcc ctgcccacca 1860 gcctgctcct gctgcagtgg tatgagccgc tgcagaagtt tctgctgctg aagaacttct 1920 ccagccctct gcccagccca gctgggatgc tggagccgct ggtgctggat gggaaggagc 1980 tgccgcaggt gtgtgttggg gccgaggggc ctgaggggcc cggctgccgc gtcctgttcc 2040 atgtcctgcc cctggaggct ggcctgacgc ccgacatcct catcccacct gaggggatcc 2100 caggctcggc ccagcaggtg atccaggtgg acagggacac aatcctagtc agctttgaac 2160 gctgtgtgag gattgtcaac atgcagggcg agcccacggc cacactggca cccgagctga 2220 cctttgattt ccccatcgag actgtggtgt gcctgcagga cagtgtgctg gccttctgga 2280 gccatgggat gcaaggccga agcctggata ccaatgaggt gacccaggag atcacagatg 2340 aaacaaggat cttccgagtg cttggggccc acagagacat catcctggag agcattccca 2400 ctgacaaccc agaggcgcac agcaacctct acatcctcac gggccaccag agcacctact 2460 aagagcagcg ggcctgtcca 2480 7 4141 DNA Homo sapiens 7 gagccggccg cggcgccctc tctccgtgtg gccccctgag cggcccccct cccctgcccg 60 ggagggaggc ggggggcacc tggggcccgc catgaacccc ggcttcgatt tgtcccgccg 120 gaacccgcag gaggacttcg agctgattca gcgcatcggc agcggcacct acggcgacgt 180 ctacaaggca cggaatgtta acactggtga attagcagca attaaagtaa taaaattgga 240 accaggagaa gactttgcag ttgtgcagca agaaattatt atgatgaaag actgtaaaca 300 cccaaatatt gttgcttatt ttggaagcta tctcaggcga gataagcttt ggatttgcat 360 ggagttttgt ggaggtggtt ctttacagga tatttatcac gtaactggac ctctgtcaga 420 actgcaaatt gcatatgtta gcagagaaac actgcaggga ttatattatc ttcacagtaa 480 aggaaaaatg cacagagata taaagggagc taacattcta ttaacggata atggtcatgt 540 gaaattggct gattttggag tatctgcaca gataacagct acaattgcca aacggaagtc 600 tttcattggc acaccatatt ggatggctcc agaagttgca gctgttgaga ggaagggggg 660 ttacaatcaa ctctgtgatc tctgggcagt gggaatcact gccatagaac ttgcagagct 720 tcagcctcct atgtttgact tacacccaat gagagcatta tttctaatga caaaaagcaa 780 ttttcagcct cctaaactaa aggataaaat gaaatggtca aatagttttc atcactttgt 840 gaaaatggca cttaccaaaa atccgaaaaa aagacctact gctgaaaaat tattacagca 900 tccttttgta acacaacatt tgacacggtc tttggcaatc gagctgttgg ataaagtaaa 960 taatccagat cattccactt accatgattt cgatgatgat gatcctgagc ctcttgttgc 1020 tgtaccacat agaattcact caacaagtag aaacgtgaga gaagaaaaaa cacgctcaga 1080 gataaccttt ggccaagtga aatttgatcc acccttaaga aaggagacag aaccacatca 1140 tgaacttccc gacagtgatg gttttttgga cagttcagaa gaaatatact acactgcaag 1200 atctaatctg gatctgcaac tggaatatgg acaaggacac caaggtggtt actttttagg 1260 tgcaaacaag agtcttctca agtctgttga agaagaattg catcagcgag gacacgtcgc 1320 acatttagaa gatgatgaag gagatgatga tgaatctaaa cactcaactc tgaaagcaaa 1380 aattccacct cctttgccac caaagcctaa gtctatcttc ataccacagg aaatgcattc 1440 tactgaggat gaaaatcaag gaacaatcaa gagatgtccc atgtcaggga gcccagcaaa 1500 gccatcccaa gttccaccta gaccaccacc tcccagatta cccccacaca aacctgttgc 1560 cttaggaaat ggaatgagct ccttccagtt aaatggtgaa cgagatggct cattatgtca 1620 acaacagaat gaacatagag gcacaaacct ttcaagaaaa gaaaagaaag atgtaccaaa 1680 gcctattagt aatggtcttc ctccaacacc taaagtgcat atgggtgcat gtttttcaaa 1740 agtttttaat gggtgtccct tgaaaattca ctgtgcatca tcatggataa acccagatac 1800 aagagatcag tacttgatat ttggtgccga agaagggatt tataccctca atcttaatga 1860 acttcatgaa acatcaatgg aacagctatt ccctcgaagg tgtacatggt tgtatgtaat 1920 gaacaattgc ttgctatcaa tatctggtaa agcttctcag ctttattccc ataatttacc 1980 agggcttttt gattatgcaa gacaaatgca aaagttacct gttgctattc cagcacacaa 2040 actccctgac agaatactgc caaggaaatt ttctgtatca gcaaaaatcc ctgaaaccaa 2100 atggtgccag aagtgttgtg ttgtaagaaa tccttacacg ggccataaat acctatgtgg 2160 agcacttcag actagcattg ttctattaga atgggttgaa ccaatgcaga aatttatgtt 2220 aattaagcac atagattttc ctataccatg tccacttaga atgtttgaaa tgctggtagt 2280 tcctgaacag gagtaccctt tagtttgtgt tggtgtcagt agaggtagag acttcaacca 2340 agtggttcga tttgagacgg tcaatccaaa ttctacctct tcatggttta cagaatcaga 2400 taccccacag acaaatgtta ctcatgtaac ccaactggag agagatacca tccttgtatg 2460 cttggactgt tgtataaaaa tagtaaatct ccaaggaaga ttaaaatcta gcaggaaatt 2520 gtcatcagaa ctcacctttg atttccagat tgaatcaata gtgtgcctac aagacagtgt 2580 gctagctttc tggaaacatg gaatgcaagg tagaagtttt agatctaatg aggtaacaca 2640 agaaatttca gatagcacaa gaattttcag gctgcttgga tctgacaggg tcgtggtttt 2700 ggaaagtagg ccaactgata accccacagc aaatagcaat ttgtacatcc tggcgggtca 2760 tgaaaacagt tactgagaat tgttgtgctt tgacagttaa ctctagaaag aaagaacact 2820 accactgcaa cattaatgga tgcttgaagc tgtacaaaag ctgcagtaac ctgtcttcag 2880 ttactttgta atttattgtg gcatgagata agatggggaa aattttgttt taagtggtat 2940 ggatatattt agcatattga accacacaag tgcttaattc attgttatgt aatctttgta 3000 catataggca gtattttttc tgtgaaactt catattgctg aagacataca ctaagaattt 3060 atgtagataa tgtactttta tgagatgtac aagtaagtgt cttatctgta cagatgtaaa 3120 tgttgatgaa aatgcaattg gggttaatat tttaagaatt ctttagtata ttcttgggtg 3180 tggctatatt acaaaatggg atgctggcaa tgaaacaata catttaacac tattgtattt 3240 ttattatatg taatttagta atatgaatat aaatcttgta acttttaaaa ttgtaatgga 3300 ggctgtaatc attttataat ctttttaatt ttaatgcaag tacactggtg tttatatttg 3360 cacaaagtat tgatatgtga tgtattaagt cacaaaagta agctgtgaca ttgtctataa 3420 gcatttggct ccacaaatgt atttggattg ttttctatgt gaagcaaacc aattataatt 3480 aaccacatgt tgtagtaact ggtcttttta tatttaagca gaatcctgta agattgcttg 3540 tctttgctta aaaacaatac ctttgaacat ttttgaatca cagaatagcg gtaccatgat 3600 agaatactgc aattgtggtc agaattacag tatgcacaaa gaattaatta gcattattaa 3660 agagtcctca ctaaacattt catatgatca cactgaagaa ctgtaacatt ccatagagtg 3720 aagtggttca aatttctctt ggaattttta cttttgttgg ccttatttta tgatcctttt 3780 catatttctt ttgacttaga gtattaatac atggccaaaa taatttagtt actacctcat 3840 acaaacaata taatggttac tacacatcac aggaacttag ttttggttta agtcattttt 3900 gattgctttt ttccaatgga atatgtatat accaggtttt agcaaaatgc acacttttgg 3960 ctctttttgg tatatgttct ttatatttta atgtgagtat atacactaag aacaaactaa 4020 attgtgattt atgatcttca tttattttaa tgataatggt tttaaaatat gttcctgatt 4080 gtacatattg taaaataaac atgtttttta acaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 4140 a 4141 8 4380 DNA Homo sapiens 8 gaagaagaga ttttaaacaa aaaacgatct aaaaaaattc agaagaaata tgatgaaagg 60 aaaaagaatg ccaaaatcag cagtctcctg gaggagcagt tccagcaggg caagcttctt 120 gcgtgcatcg cttcaaggcc gggacagtgt ggccgagcag atggctatgt tgctagaggg 180 caaagagttg gagttctatc ttaggaaaat caaggccgca aaggcaaata aatccttgtt 240 ttgtcttcac ccatgtaata aaggtgttta ttgttttgtt cccaccaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 300 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaacc 360 atggcgcagg aggacttcga gctgattcag cgcatcggca gcggcaccta cggcgacgtc 420 tacaaggcac ggaatgttaa cactggtgaa ttagcagcaa ttaaagtaat aaaattggaa 480 ccaggagaag actttgcagt tgtgcagcaa gaaattatta tgatgaaaga ctgtaaacac 540 ccaaatattg ttgcttattt tggaagctat ctcaggcgag ataagctttg gatttgcatg 600 gagttttgtg gaggtggttc tttacaggat atttatcacg taactggacc tctgtcagaa 660 ctgcaaattg catatgttag cagagaaaca ctgcagggat tatattatct tcacagtaaa 720 ggaaaaatgc acagagatat aaagggagct aacattctat taacggataa tggtcatgtg 780 aaattggctg attttggagt atctgcacag ataacagcta caattgccaa acggaagtct 840 ttcattggca caccatattg gatggctcca gaagttgcag ctgttgagag gaaggggggt 900 tacaatcaac tctgtgatct ctgggcagtg ggaatcactg ccatagaact tgcagagctt 960 cagcctccta tgtttgactt acacccaatg agagcattat ttctaatgac aaaaagcaat 1020 tttcagcctc ctaaactaaa ggataaaatg aaatggtcaa atagttttca tcactttgtg 1080 aaaatggcac ttaccaaaaa tccgaaaaaa agacctactg ctgaaaaatt attacagcat 1140 ccttttgtaa cacaacattt gacacggtct ttggcaatcg agctgttgga taaagtaaat 1200 aatccagatc attccactta ccatgatttc gatgatgatg atcctgagcc tcttgttgct 1260 gtaccacata gaattcactc aacaagtaga aacgtgagag aagaaaaaac acgctcagag 1320 ataacctttg gccaagtgaa atttgatcca cccttaagaa aggagacaga accacatcat 1380 gaacttcccg acagtgatgg ttttttggac agttcagaag aaatatacta cactgcaaga 1440 tctaatctgg atctgcaact ggaatatgga caaggacacc aaggtggtta ctttttaggt 1500 gcagacaaga gtcttctcaa gtctgttgaa gaagaattgc atcagcgagg acacgtcgca 1560 catttagaag atgatgaagg agatgatgat gaatctaaac actcaactct gaaagcaaaa 1620 attccacctc ctttgccacc aaagcctaag tctatcttca taccacagga aatgcattct 1680 actgaggatg aaaatcaagg aacaatcaag agatgtccca tgtcagggag cccagcaaag 1740 ccatcccaag ttccacctag accaccacct cccagattac ccccacacaa acctgttgcc 1800 ttaggaaatg gaatgagctc cttccagtta aatggtgaac gagatggctc attatgtcaa 1860 caacagaatg aacatagagg cacaaacctt tcaagaaaag aaaagaaaga tgtaccaaag 1920 cctattagta atggtcttcc tccaacacct aaagtgcata tgggtgcatg tttttcaaaa 1980 gtttttaatg ggtgtccctt gaaaattcac tgtgcatcat catggataaa cccagataca 2040 agagatcagt acttgatatt tggtgccgaa gaagggattt ataccctcaa tcttaatgaa 2100 cttcatgaaa catcaatgga acagctattc cctcgaaggt gtacatggtt gtatgtaatg 2160 aacaattgct tgctatcaat atctggtaaa gcttctcagc tttattccca taatttacca 2220 gggctttttg attatgcaag acaaatgcaa aagttacctg ttgctattcc agcacacaaa 2280 ctccctgaca gaatactgcc aaggaaattt tctgtatcag caaaaatccc tgaaaccaaa 2340 tggtgccaga agtgttgtgt tgtaagaaat ccttacacgg gccataaata cctatgtgga 2400 gcacttcaga ctagcattgt tctattagaa tgggttgaac caatgcagaa atttatgtta 2460 attaagcaca tagattttcc tataccatgt ccacttagaa tgtttgaaat gctggtagtt 2520 cctgaacagg agtacccttt agtttgtgtt ggtgtcagta gaggtagaga cttcaaccaa 2580 gtggttcgat ttgagacggt caatccaaat tctacctctt catggtttac agaatcagat 2640 accccacaga caaatgttac tcatgtaacc caactggaga gagataccat ccttgtatgc 2700 ttggactgtt gtataaaaat agtaaatctc caaggaagat taaaatctag caggaaattg 2760 tcatcagaac tcacctttga tttccagatt gaatcaatag tgtgcctaca agacagtgtg 2820 ctagctttct ggaaacatgg aatgcaaggt agaagtttta gatctaatga ggtaacacaa 2880 gaaatttcag atagcacaag aattttcagg ctgcttggat ctgacagggt cgtggttttg 2940 gaaagtaggc caactgataa ccccacagca aatagcaatt tgtacatcct ggcgggtcat 3000 gaaaacagtt actgagaatt gttgtgcttt gacagttaac tctagaaaga aagaacacta 3060 ccactgcaac attaatggat gcttgaagct gtacaaaagc tgcagtaacc tgtcttcagt 3120 tactttgtaa tttattgtgg catgagataa gatggggaaa attttgtttt atgtggtatg 3180 gatatattta gcatattgaa ccacacaagt gcttaattca ttgttatgta atctttgtac 3240 atataggcag tattttttct gtgaaacttc atattgctga agacatacac taagaattta 3300 tgtagataat gtacttttat gagatgtaca agtaagtgtc ttatctgtac agatgtaaat 3360 gttgatgaaa atgcaattgg ggttaatatt ttaagaattc tttagtatat tcttgggtgt 3420 ggctatatta caaaatggga tgctggcaat gaaacaatac atttaacact attgtatttt 3480 tattatatgt aatttagtaa tatgaatata aatcttgtaa cttttaaaat tgtaatggag 3540 gctgtaatca ttttataatc tttttaattt taatgcaagt acactggtgt ttatatttgc 3600 acaaagtatt gatatgtgat gtattaagtc acaaaagtaa gctgtgacat tgtctataag 3660 catttggctc cacaaatgta tttggattgt tttctatgtg aagcaaacca attataatta 3720 accacatgtt gtagtaactg gtctttttat atttaagcag aatcctgtaa gattgcttgt 3780 ctttgcttaa aaacaatacc tttgaacatt tttgaatcac agaatagcgg taccatgata 3840 gaatactgca attgtggtca gaattacagt atgcacaaag aattaattag cattattaaa 3900 gagtcctcac taaacatttc atatgatcac actgaagaac tgtaacattc catagagtga 3960 agtggttcaa atttctcttg gaatttttac ttttgttggc cttattttat gatccttttc 4020 atatttcttt tgacttagag tattaataca tggccaaaat aatttagtta ctacctcata 4080 caaacaatat aatggttact acacatcaca ggaacttagt tttggtttaa gtcatttttg 4140 attgcttttt tccaatggaa tatgtatata ccaggtttta gcaaaatgca cacttttggc 4200 tctttttggt atatgttctt tatattttaa tgtgagtata tacactaaga acaaactaaa 4260 ttgtgattta tgatcttcat ttattttaat gataatggtt ttaaaatatg ttcctgattg 4320 tacatattgt aaaataaaca tgttttttaa caaaaaaaaa aaagaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 4380 9 2768 DNA Homo sapiens 9 acctggggcc cgccatgaac cccggcttcg atttgtcccg ccggaacccg caggaggact 60 tcgagctgat tcagcgcatc ggcagcggca cctacggcga cgtctacaag gcacggaatg 120 ttaacactgg tgaattagca gcaattaaag taataaaatt ggaaccagga gaagactttg 180 cagttgtgca gcaagaaatt atcatgatga aagactgtaa acacccaaat attgttgctt 240 attttggaag ctatctcagg cgagataagc tttggatttg catggagttt tgtggaggtg 300 gttctttaca ggatatttat cacgtaactg gacctctgtc agaactgcaa attgcatatg 360 ttagcagaga aacactgcag ggattatatt atcttcacag taaaggaaaa atgcacagag 420 atataaaggg agctaacatt ctattaacgg ataatggtca tgtgaaattg gctgattttg 480 gagtatctgc acagataaca gctacaattg ccaaacggaa gtctttcatt ggcacaccat 540 attggatggc tccagaagtt gcagctgttg agaggaaggg gggttacaat caactctgtg 600 atctctgggc agtgggaatc actgccatag aacttgcaga gcttcagcct cctatgtttg 660 acttacaccc aatgagagca ttatttctaa tgacaaaaag caattttcag cctcctaaac 720 taaaggataa aatgaaatgg tcaaatagtt ttcatcactt tgtgaaaatg gcacttacca 780 aaaatccgaa aaaaagacct actgctgaaa aattattaca gcatcctttt gtaacacaac 840 atttgacacg gtctttggca atcgagctgt tggataaagt aaataatcca gatcattcca 900 cttaccatga tttcgatgat gatgatcctg agcctcttgt tgctgtacca catagaattc 960 actcaacaag tagaaacgtg agagaagaaa aaacacgctc agagataacc tttggccaag 1020 tgaaatttga tccaccctta agaaaggaga cagaaccaca tcatgaactt cccgacagtg 1080 atggtttttt ggacagttca gaagaaatat actacactgc aagatctaat ctggatctgc 1140 aactggaata tggacaagga caccaaggtg gttacttttt aggtgcaaac aagagtcttc 1200 tcaagtctgt tgaagaagaa ttgcatcagc gaggacacgt cgcacattta gaagatgatg 1260 aaggagatga tgatgaatct aaacactcaa ctctgaaagc aaaaattcca cctcctttgc 1320 caccaaagcc taagtctatc ttcataccac aggaaatgca ttctactgag gatgaaaatc 1380 aaggaacaat caagagatgt cccatgtcag ggagcccagc aaagccatcc caagttccac 1440 ctagaccacc acctcccaga ttacccccac acaaacctgt tgccttagga aatggaatga 1500 gctccttcca gttaaatggt gaacgagatg gctcattatg tcaacaacag aatgaacata 1560 gaggcacaaa cctttcaaga aaagaaaaga aagatgtacc aaagcctatt agtaatggtc 1620 ttcctccaac acctaaagtg catatgggtg catgtttttc aaaagttttt aatgggtgtc 1680 ccttgaaaat tcactgtgca tcatcatgga taaacccaga tactagagat cagtacttga 1740 tatttggtgc cgaagaaggg atttataccc tcaatcttaa tgaacttcat gaaacatcaa 1800 tggaacagct attccctcga aggtgtacat ggttgtatgt aatgaacaat tgcttgctat 1860 caatatctgg taaagcttct cagctttatt cccataattt accagggctt tttgattatg 1920 caagacaaat gcaaaagtta cctgttgcta ttccagcaca caaactccct gacagaatac 1980 tgccaaggaa attttctgta tcagcaaaaa tccctgaaac caaatggtgc cagaagtgtt 2040 gtgttgtaag aaatccttac acgggccata aatacctatg tggagcactt cagactagca 2100 ttgttctatt agaatgggtt gaaccaatgc agaaatttat gttaattaag cacatagatt 2160 ttcctatacc atgtccactt agaatgtttg aaatgctggt agttcctgaa caggagtacc 2220 ctttagtttg tgttggtgtc agtagaggta gagacttcaa ccaagtggtt cgatttgaga 2280 cggtcaatcc aaattctacc tcttcatggt ttacagaatc agatacccca cagacaaatg 2340 ttactcatgt aacccaactg gagagagata ccatccttgt atgcttggac tgttgtataa 2400 aaatagtaaa tctccaagga agattaaaat ctagcaggaa attgtcatca gaactcacct 2460 ttgatttcca gattgaatca atagtgtgcc tacaagacag tgtgctagct ttctggaaac 2520 atggaatgca aggtagaagt tttagatcta atgaggtaac acaagaaatt tcagatagca 2580 caagaatttt caggctgctt ggatctgaca gggtcgtggt tttggaaagt aggccaactg 2640 ataaccccac agcaaatagc aatttgtaca tcctggcggg tcatgaaaac agttactgag 2700 aattgttgtg ctttgacagt taactctaga aagaaagaac actaccactg caacattaat 2760 ggatgctt 2768 10 2705 DNA Homo sapiens 10 acctggggcc cgccatgaac cccggcttcg atttgtcccg ccggaacccg caggaggact 60 tcgagctgat tcagcgcatc ggcagcggca cctacggcga cgtctacaag gcacggaatg 120 ttaacactgg tgaattagca gcaattaaag taataaaatt ggaaccagga gaagactttg 180 cagttgtgca gcaagaaatt atcatgatga aagactgtaa acacccaaat attgttgctt 240 attttggaag ctatctcagg cgagataagc tttggatttg catggagttt tgtggaggtg 300 gttctttaca ggatatttat cacgtaactg gacctctgtc agaactgcaa attgcatatg 360 ttagcagaga aacactgcag ggattatatt atcttcacag taaaggaaaa atgcacagag 420 atataaaggg agctaacatt ctattaacgg ataatggtca tgtgaaattg gctgattttg 480 gagtatctgc acagataaca gctacaattg ccaaacggaa gtctttcatt ggcacaccat 540 attggatggc tccagaagtt gcagctgttg agaggaaggg gggttacaat caactctgtg 600 atctctgggc agtgggaatc actgccatag aacttgcaga gcttcagcct cctatgtttg 660 acttacaccc aatgagagca ttatttctaa tgacaaaaag caattttcag cctcctaaac 720 taaaggataa aatgaaatgg tcaaatagtt ttcatcactt tgtgaaaatg gcacttacca 780 aaaatccgaa aaaaagacct actgctgaaa aattattaca gcatcctttt gtaacacaac 840 atttgacacg gtctttggca atcgagctgt tggataaagt aaataatcca gatcattcca 900 cttaccatga tttcgatgat gatgatcctg agcctcttgt tgctgtacca catagaattc 960 actcaacaag tagaaacgtg agagaagaaa aaacacgctc agagataacc tttggccaag 1020 tgaaatttga tccaccctta agaaaggaga cagaaccaca tcatgaactt gatctgcaac 1080 tggaatatgg acaaggacac caaggtggtt actttttagg tgcaaacaag agtcttctca 1140 agtctgttga agaagaattg catcagcgag gacacgtcgc acatttagaa gatgatgaag 1200 gagatgatga tgaatctaaa cactcaactc tgaaagcaaa aattccacct cctttgccac 1260 caaagcctaa gtctatcttc ataccacagg aaatgcattc tactgaggat gaaaatcaag 1320 gaacaatcaa gagatgtccc atgtcaggga gcccagcaaa gccatcccaa gttccaccta 1380 gaccaccacc tcccagatta cccccacaca aacctgttgc cttaggaaat ggaatgagct 1440 ccttccagtt aaatggtgaa cgagatggct cattatgtca acaacagaat gaacatagag 1500 gcacaaacct ttcaagaaaa gaaaagaaag atgtaccaaa gcctattagt aatggtcttc 1560 ctccaacacc taaagtgcat atgggtgcat gtttttcaaa agtttttaat gggtgtccct 1620 tgaaaattca ctgtgcatca tcatggataa acccagatac tagagatcag tacttgatat 1680 ttggtgccga agaagggatt tataccctca atcttaatga acttcatgaa acatcaatgg 1740 aacagctatt ccctcgaagg tgtacatggt tgtatgtaat gaacaattgc ttgctatcaa 1800 tatctggtaa agcttctcag ctttattccc ataatttacc agggcttttt gattatgcaa 1860 gacaaatgca aaagttacct gttgctattc cagcacacaa actccctgac agaatactgc 1920 caaggaaatt ttctgtatca gcaaaaatcc ctgaaaccaa atggtgccag aagtgttgtg 1980 ttgtaagaaa tccttacacg ggccataaat acctatgtgg agcacttcag actagcattg 2040 ttctattaga atgggttgaa ccaatgcaga aatttatgtt aattaagcac atagattttc 2100 ctataccatg tccacttaga atgtttgaaa tgctggtagt tcctgaacag gagtaccctt 2160 tagtttgtgt tggtgtcagt agaggtagag acttcaacca agtggttcga tttgagacgg 2220 tcaatccaaa ttctacctct tcatggttta cagaatcaga taccccacag acaaatgtta 2280 ctcatgtaac ccaactggag agagatacca tccttgtatg cttggactgt tgtataaaaa 2340 tagtaaatct ccaaggaaga ttaaaatcta gcaggaaatt gtcatcagaa ctcacctttg 2400 atttccagat tgaatcaata gtgtgcctac aagacagtgt gctagctttc tggaaacatg 2460 gaatgcaagg tagaagtttt agatctaatg aggtaacaca agaaatttca gatagcacaa 2520 gaattttcag gctgcttgga tctgacaggg tcgtggtttt ggaaagtagg ccaactgata 2580 accccacagc aaatagcaat ttgtacatcc tggcgggtca tgaaaacagt tactgagaat 2640 tgttgtgctt tgacagttaa ctctagaaag aaagaacact accactgcaa cattaatgga 2700 tgctt 2705 11 3000 DNA Homo sapiens 11 ggcgccgacc catgctggct gggaacgtgt ctcccggtga cgcagccccg ggtggggaac 60 gtggtgcggc ggcggcggcg gcggcgactg tacgcgcctc cgccgccccc gagaggacgc 120 gccgtgcagc ggctgagtgg cggcggcggc gacggcaaac ccggagctgc cggccggcgc 180 gcgggaggag gacgcgggtg cggtctagga aacggagctg cgggcggagg ctccatgttg 240 ggaagcggcg ccgttcgtgc ttgttagcgg gaatccggga gccgcggggt gagctggcgg 300 gggccgggcc ctaagtgaag atggaggccc cgctgcggcc tgccgcggac atcctgaggc 360 ggaacccgca gcaggactac gaactcgtcc agagggtcgg cagcggcacc tacggggacg 420 tctataaggc cagaaatgta cacacaggag agctggctgc agtaaaaatc attaaattgg 480 agcctggaga tgatttttct ttgattcaac aagaaatatt tatggttaaa gaatgtaaac 540 attgtaacat cgttgcctac tttgggagtt atcttagtcg ggaaaaacta tggatttgta 600 tggaatactg tggtggcgga tcacttcaag atatttacca tgttactgga ccattatcag 660 aattgcaaat agcctatgta tgcagagaaa ccttacaggg tcttgcctat ttgcatacta 720 aaggcaaaat gcatagagat atcaaaggtg ctaatatttt attgacagac catggcgatg 780 taaaattagc tgactttggt gtggctgcaa aaataacagc taccattgca aaacgaaaat 840 ctttcattgg caccccttac tggatggccc cagaagttgc agcagtagag aagaatggtg 900 gctacaacca actctgtgat atctgggcag taggaataac agcaattgaa cttggagaac 960 ttcagccacc tatgtttgat ctccacccaa tgagggctct cttcttaatg tcaaaaagta 1020 attttcagcc tccaaaacta aaggacaaaa caaaatggtc atcaacattc cataattttg 1080 tcaaaatagc actaaccaaa aacccaaaaa aaagaccaac tgctgaaaga cttctgactc 1140 acacttttgt tgcacagcca ggtctctcta gagccctagc agttgaactg ttagacaaag 1200 tgaacaatcc agataaccac gcacattaca ctgaagcaga tgacgatgac tttgagcccc 1260 atgcaatcat tcgtcatacc attagatcta caaacaggaa tgccagagct gaacggacag 1320 cttcagaaat aaattttgac aaattacaat ttgaacctcc tctgagaaaa gaaacagaag 1380 cacgagatga aatgggattg tcatcagacc caaatttcat gttacagtgg aatccttttg 1440 ttgatggtgc aaatactggc aaatcaacct caaaacgtgc aataccacct cccctacctc 1500 ctaagccaag gataagcagt taccctgaag acaactttcc ggatgaagaa aaagcatcaa 1560 ccataaaaca ttgtcctgat tcagaaagca gagctcccca aattctcaga agacagagta 1620 gcccaagttg tgggcctgtg gcagagactt cttctattgg aaatggtgat ggtatttcaa 1680 aactgatgag tgaaaataca gaaggatcag cacaagcacc acagttacca cgaaaaaagg 1740 acaaacgaga cttccctaaa ccagccatca atggccttcc acccacccca aaagttctga 1800 tgggagcatg cttttcaaaa gtttttgatg gctgtccttt gaaaattaat tgtgcaacat 1860 cctggataca tcctgataca aaagatcagt acattatttt tggaactgaa gatggtattt 1920 acacactgaa tctcaatgag ctacatgagg caacgatgga acagttattt ccacggaagt 1980 gtacttggct gtatgttatc aataatactt taatgtcatt atcagaagga aaaacctttc 2040 agctctactc tcacaatctt atagctttgt ttgaacatgc caaaaaacca ggattagctg 2100 cccatattca aactcacagg tttccagacc gaatactacc aagaaaattc gctttaacaa 2160 caaagattcc tgatacaaaa ggctgccaca aatgttgcat agtcagaaac ccttacacgg 2220 gacataaata cctctgtgga gctttacagt ctggaattgt tttacttcag tggtatgagc 2280 caatgcagaa attcatgttg ataaagcact ttgattttcc tttgccaagt cctttgaatg 2340 tttttgaaat gctggtgata cctgaacagg aataccctat ggtctgtgta gctattagca 2400 aaggcactga atcgaatcag gtagttcagt ttgagacaat caatttgaac tctgcatctt 2460 catggtttac agaaattggt gcaggcagcc agcagttaga ttccattcat gtaacacagt 2520 tggagagaga taccgtttta gtgtgtttag acaaatttgt gaaaattgta aatctacaag 2580 gaaaattaaa atcaagtaag aaactggcct ctgagttaag ttttgatttt cgcattgaat 2640 ctgtagtatg ccttcaagac agtgtgttgg ctttctggaa acatgggatg cagggtaaaa 2700 gcttcaagtc agatgaggtt acccaggaga tttcagatga aacaagagtt ttccgcttat 2760 taggatcaga cagggttgtc gttttggaaa gtaggccaac agaaaatcct actgcacaca 2820 gcaatctcta catcttggct ggacatgaaa atagttacta agcaacagaa actgatctca 2880 aatgacagga aaatgaatat actccattga aaggaaaaat aaggaaattc aatacaaact 2940 gcactatgat ttgctttaac tattatgggt tatattgcaa atgatctgta ctttagggta 3000 12 882 DNA Homo sapiens 12 ctccatgttg ggaagcggcg ccgttcgtgc ttgttagcgg gaatccggga gccgcggggt 60 gagctggcgg gggccgggcc ctaagtgaag atggaggccc cgctgcggcc tgccgcggac 120 atcctgaggc ggaacccgca gcaggactac gaactcgtcc agagggtcgg cagcggcacc 180 tacggggacg tctataaggc cagaaatgta cacacaggag agctggctgc agtaaaaatc 240 attaaattgg agcctggaga tgatttttct ttgattcaac aagaaatatt tatggttaaa 300 gaatgtaaac attgtaacat cgttgcctac tttgggagtt atcttagtcg ggaaaaacta 360 tggatttgta tggaatactg tggtggcgga tcacttcaag atatttacca tgttactgga 420 ccattatcag aattgcaaat agcctatgta tgcagagaaa ccttacaggg tcttgcctat 480 ttgcatacta aaggcaaaat gcatagagat atcaaaggtg ctaatatttt attgacagac 540 catggcgatg taaaattagc tgactttggt gtggctgcaa aaataacagc taccattgca 600 aaacgaaaat ctttcattgg caccccttac tggatggccc cagaagttgc agcagtagag 660 aagaatggtg gctacaacca actctgtgat atctgggcag taggaataac agcaattgaa 720 cttggagaac ttcagccacc tatgtttgat ctccacccaa tgagggctct cttcttaatg 780 tcaaaaagta attttcagcc tccaaaacta aaggacaaaa caaaatggtc atcaacattc 840 cataattttg tcaaaatagc actaaccaaa aaaaaaaaaa aa 882 13 3000 DNA Homo sapiens 13 ggcgccgacc catgctggct gggaacgtgt ctcccggtga cgcagccccg ggtggggaac 60 gtggtgcggc ggaagaggcg gtggtgactg tacgcgcctc cgccgccccc gagaggacgc 120 gccgtgcagc ggctgagtgg cggcggcggc gacggcaaac ccggagctgc cggccggcgc 180 gcgggaggag gacgcgggtg cggtctagga aacggagctg cgggcggagg ctccatgttg 240 ggaagcggcg ccgttcgtgc ttgttagcgg gaatccggga gccgcggggt gagctggcgg 300 gggccgggcc ctaagtgaag atggaggccc cgctgcggcc tgccgcggac atcctgaggc 360 ggaacccgca gcaggactac gaactcgtcc agagggtcgg cagcggcacc tacggggacg 420 tctataaggc cagaaatgta cacacaggag agctggctgc agtaaaaatc attaaattgg 480 agcctggaga tgatttttct ttgattcaac aagaaatatt tatggttaaa gaatgtaaac 540 attgtaacat cgttgcctac tttgggagtt atcttagtcg ggaaaaacta tggatttgta 600 tggaatactg tggtggcgga tcacttcaag atatttacca tgttactgga ccattatcag 660 aattgcaaat agcctatgta tgcagagaaa ccttacaggg tcttgcctat ttgcatacta 720 aaggcaaaat gcatagagat atcaaaggtg ctaatatttt attgacagac catggcgatg 780 taaaattagc tgactttggt gtggctgcaa aaataacagc taccattgca aaacgaaaat 840 ctttcattgg caccccttac tggatggccc cagaagttgc agcagtagag aagaatggtg 900 gctacaacca actctgtgat atctgggcag taggaataac agcaattgaa cttggagaac 960 ttcagccacc tatgtttgat ctccacccaa tgagggctct cttcttaatg tcaaaaagta 1020 attttcagcc tccaaaacta aaggacaaaa caaaatggtc atcaacattc cataattttg 1080 tcaaaatagc actaaccaaa aacccaaaaa aaagaccaac tgctgaaaga cttctgactc 1140 acacttttgt tgcacagcca ggtctctcta gagccctagc agttgaactg ttagacaaag 1200 tgaacaatcc agataaccac gcacattaca ctgaagcaga tgacgatgac tttgagcccc 1260 atgcaatcat tcgtcatacc attagatcta caaacaggaa tgccagagct gaacggacag 1320 cttcagaaat aaattttgac aaattacaat ttgaacctcc tctgagaaaa gaaacagaag 1380 cacgagatga aatgggattg tcatcagacc caaatttcat gttacagtgg aatccttttg 1440 ttgatggtgc aaatactggc aaatcaacct caaaacgtgc aataccacct cccctacctc 1500 ctaagccaag gataagcagt taccctgaag acaactttcc ggatgaagaa aaagcatcaa 1560 ccataaaaca ttgtcctgat tcagaaagca gagctcccca aattctcaga agacagagta 1620 gcccaagttg tgggcctgtg gcagagactt cttctattgg aaatggtgat ggtatttcaa 1680 aactgatgag tgaaaataca gaaggatcag cacaagcacc acagttacca cgaaaaaacg 1740 acaaacgaga cttccctaaa ccagccatca atggccttcc acccacccca aaagttctga 1800 tgggagcatg cttttcaaaa gtttttgatg gctgtccttt gaaaattaat tgtgcaacat 1860 cctggataca tcctgataca aaagatcagt acattatttt tggaactgaa gatggtattt 1920 acacactgaa tctcaatgag ctacatgagg caacgatgga acagttattt ccacggaagt 1980 gtacttggct gtatgttatc aataatactt taatgtcatt atcagaagga aaaacctttc 2040 agctctactc tcacaatctt atagctttgt ttgaacatgc caaaaaacca ggattagctg 2100 cccatattca aactcacagg tttccagacc gaatactacc aagaaaattc gctttaacaa 2160 caaagattcc tgatacaaaa ggctgccaca aatgttgcat agtcagaaac ccttacacgg 2220 gacataaata cctctgtgga gctttacagt ctggaattgt tttacttcag tggtatgagc 2280 caatgcagaa attcatgttg ataaagcact ttgattttcc tttgccaagt cctttgaatg 2340 tttttgaaat gctggtgata cctgaacagg aataccctat ggtctgtgta gctattagca 2400 aaggcactga atcgaatcag gtagttcagt ttgagacaat caatttgaac tctgcatctt 2460 catggtttac agaaattggt gcaggcagcc agcagttaga ttccattcat gtaacacagt 2520 tggagagaga taccgtttta gtgtgtttag acaaatttgt gaaaattgta aatctacaag 2580 gaaaattaaa atcaagtaag aaactggcct ctgagttaag ttttgatttt cgcattgaat 2640 ctgtagtatg ccttcaagac agtgtgttgg ctttctggaa acatgggatg cagggtaaaa 2700 gcttcaagtc agatgaggtt acccaggaga tttcagatga aacaagagtt ttccgcttat 2760 taggatcaga cagggttgtc gttttggaaa gtaggccaac agaaaatcct actgcacaca 2820 gcaatctcta catcttggct ggacatgaaa atagttacta agcaacagaa actgatctca 2880 aatgacagga aaatgaatat actccattga aagggaaaat aaggaaattc aatacaaact 2940 gcactatgat ttgctttaac tattatgggt tatattgcaa atgatctgta ctttagggta 3000 14 339 DNA Homo sapiens 14 tacctgtaca tggaatactg tggtggcgga tcacttcaag atatttacca tgttactgga 60 ccattatcag aattgcaaat agcctatgta tgcagagaaa ccttacaggg tcttgcctat 120 ttgcatacta aaggcaaaat gcatagagat atcaaaggtg ctaatatttt attgacagac 180 catggcgatg taaaattagc tgactttggt gtggctgcaa aaataacagc taccattgca 240 aaacgaaaat ctttcattgg caccccttac tggatggccc cagaagttgc agcagtagag 300 aagaatggtg gatacaacca actctgtgac gtttgggcc 339 15 2748 DNA Homo sapiens 15 ggatccacta gtaacggccg ccagtgtgct ggaattcgcc ctttgcttgt tagcgggaat 60 ccgggagccg cggggtgagc tggcgggggc cgggccctaa gtgaagatgg aggccccgct 120 gcggcctgcc gcggacatcc tgaggcggaa cccgcagcag gactacgaac tcgtccagag 180 ggtcggcagc ggcacctacg gggacgtcta taaggccaga aatgtacaca caggagagct 240 ggctgcagta aaaatcatta aattggagcc tggagatgat ttttctttga ttcaacaaga 300 aatatttatg gttaaagaat gtaaacattg taacatcgtt gcctactttg ggagttatct 360 tagtcgggaa aaactatgga tttgtatgga atactgtggt ggcggatcac ttcaagatat 420 ttaccatgtt actggaccat tatcagaatt gcaaatagcc tatgtatgca gagaaacctt 480 acagggtctt gcctatttgc atactaaagg caaaatgcat agagatatca aaggtgctaa 540 tattttattg acagaccatg gcgatgtaaa attagctgac tttggtgtgg ctgcaaaaat 600 aacagctacc attgcaaaac gaaaatcttt cattggcacc ccttactgga tggccccaga 660 agttgcagca gtagagaaga atggtggcta caaccaactc tgtgatatct gggcagtagg 720 aataacagca attgaacttg gagaacttca gccacctatg tttgatctcc acccaatgag 780 ggctctcttc ttaatgtcaa aaagtaattt tcagcctcca aaactaaagg acaaaacaaa 840 atggtcatca acattccata attttgtcaa aatagcacta accaaaaacc caaaaaaaag 900 accaactgct gaaagacttc tgactcacac ttttgttgca cagccaggtc tctctagagc 960 cctagcagtt gaactgttag acaaagtgaa caatccagat aaccacgcac attacactga 1020 agcagatgac gatgactttg agccccatgc aatcattcgt cataccatta gatctacaaa 1080 caggaatgcc agagctgaac ggacagcttc agaaataaat tttgacaaat tacaatttga 1140 acctcctctg agaaaagaaa cagaagcacg agatgaaatg ggattgtcat cagacccaaa 1200 tttcatgtta cagtggaatc cttttgttga tggtgcaaat actggcaaat caacctcaaa 1260 acgtgcaata ccacctcccc tacctcctaa gccaaggata agcagttacc ctgaagacaa 1320 ctttccggat gaagaaaaag catcaaccat aaaacattgt cctgattcag aaagcagagc 1380 tccccaaatt ctcagaagac agagtagccc aagttgtggg cctgtggcag agacttcttc 1440 tattggaaat ggtgatggta tttcaaaact gatgagtgaa aatacagaag gatcagcaca 1500 agcaccacag ttaccacgaa aaaaggacaa acgagacttc cctaaaccag ccatcaatgg 1560 ccttccaccc accccaaaag ttctgatggg agcatgcttt tcaaaagttt ttgatggctg 1620 tcctttgaaa attaattgtg caacatcctg gatacatcct gatacaaaag atcagtacat 1680 tatttttgga actgaagatg gtatttacac actgaatctc aatgagctac atgaggcaac 1740 gatggaacag ttatttccac ggaagtgtac ttggctgtat gttatcaata atactttaat 1800 gtcattatca gaaggaaaaa cctttcagct ctactctcac aatcttatag ctttgtttga 1860 acatgccaaa aaaccaggat tagctgccca tattcaaact cacaggtttc cagaccgaat 1920 actaccaaga aaattcgctt taacaacaaa gattcctgat acaaaaggct gccacaaatg 1980 ttgcatagtc agaaaccctt acacgggaca taaatacctc tgtggagctt tacagtctgg 2040 aattgtttta cttcagtggt atgagccaat gcagaaattc atgttgataa agcactttga 2100 ttttcctttg ccaagtcctt tgaatgtttt tgaaatgctg gtgatacctg aacaggaata 2160 ccctatggtc tgtgtagcta ttagcaaagg cactgaatcg aatcaggtag ttcagtttga 2220 gacaatcaat ttgaactctg catcttcatg gtttacagaa attggtgcag gcagccagca 2280 gttagattcc attcatgtaa cacagttgga gagagatacc gttttagtgt gtttagacaa 2340 atttgtgaaa attgtaaatc tacaaggaaa attaaaatca agtaagaaac tggcctctga 2400 gttaagtttt gattttcgca ttgaatctgt agtatgcctt caagacagtg tgttggcttt 2460 ctggaaacat gggatgcagg gtaaaagctt caagtcagat gaggttaccc aggagatttc 2520 agatgaaaca agagttttcc gcttattagg atcagacagg gttgtcgttt tggaaagtag 2580 gccaacagaa aatcctactg cacacagcaa tctctacatc ttggctggac atgaaaatag 2640 ttactaagaa ttctgcagat atccagcaca gtggcggccg ctcgagtcta gagggccctt 2700 cgaacaaaaa ctcatctcag aagaggatct gaatatgcat accggtca 2748 16 3487 DNA Homo sapiens 16 gtcaataatg acgtatgttc ccatagtaac gccaataggg actttccatt gacgtcaatg 60 ggtggagtat ttacggtaaa ctgcccactt ggcagtacat caagtgtatc atatgccaag 120 tacgccccct attgacgtca atgacggtaa atggcccgcc tggcattatg cccagtacat 180 gaccttatgg gactttccta cttggcagta catctacgta ttagtcatcg ctattaccat 240 ggtgatgcgg ttttggcagt acatcaatgg gcgtggatag cggtttgact cacggggatt 300 tccaagtctc caccccattg acgtcaatgg gagtttgttt tggcaccaaa atcaacggga 360 ctttccaaaa tgtcgtaaca actccgcccc attgacgcaa atgggcggta ggcgtgtacg 420 gtgggaggtc tatataagca gagctctctg gctaactaga gaacccactg cttactggct 480 tatcgaaatt aatacgactc actataggga gacccaagct ggctagttaa gcttggtacc 540 gagctcggat ccactagtaa cggccgccag tgtgctggaa ttcgcccttt gcttgttagc 600 gggaatccgg gagccgcggg gtgagctggc gggggccggg ccctaagtga agatggaggc 660 cccgctgcgg cctgccgcgg acatcctgag gcggaacccg cagcaggact acgaactcgt 720 ccagagggtc ggcagcggca cctacgggga cgtctataag gccagaaatg tacacacagg 780 agagctggct gcagtagcaa tcattaaatt ggagcctgga gatgattttt ctttgattca 840 acaagaaata tttatggtta aagaatgtaa acattgtaac atcgttgcct actttgggag 900 ttatcttagt cgggaaaaac tatggatttg tatggaatac tgtggtggcg gatcacttca 960 agatatttac catgttactg gaccattatc agaattgcaa atagcctatg tatgcagaga 1020 aaccttacag ggtcttgcct atttgcatac taaaggcaaa atgcatagag atatcaaagg 1080 tgctaatatt ttattgacag accatggcga tgtaaaatta gctgactttg gtgtggctgc 1140 aaaaataaca gctaccattg caaaacgaaa atctttcatt ggcacccctt actggatggc 1200 cccagaagtt gcagcagtag agaagaatgg tggctacaac caactctgtg atatctgggc 1260 agtaggaata acagcaattg aacttggaga acttcagcca cctatgtttg atctccaccc 1320 aatgagggct ctcttcttaa tgtcaaaaag taattttcag cctccaaaac taaaggacaa 1380 aacaaaatgg tcatcaacat tccataattt tgtcaaaata gcactaacca aaaacccaaa 1440 aaaaagacca actgctgaaa gacttctgac tcacactttt gttgcacagc caggtctctc 1500 tagagcccta gcagttgaac tgttagacaa agtgaacaat ccagataacc acgcacatta 1560 cactgaagca gatgacgatg actttgagcc ccatgcaatc attcgtcata ccattagatc 1620 tacaaacagg aatgccagag ctgaacggac agcttcagaa ataaattttg acaaattaca 1680 atttgaacct cctctgagaa aagaaacaga agcacgagat gaaatgggat tgtcatcaga 1740 cccaaatttc atgttacagt ggaatccttt tgttgatggt gcaaatactg gcaaatcaac 1800 ctcaaaacgt gcaataccac ctcccctacc tcctaagcca aggataagca gttaccctga 1860 agacaacttt ccggatgaag aaaaagcatc aaccataaaa cattgtcctg attcagaaag 1920 cagagctccc caaattctca gaagacagag tagcccaagt tgtgggcctg tggcagagac 1980 ttcttctatt ggaaatggtg atggtatttc aaaactgatg agtgaaaata cagaaggatc 2040 agcacaagca ccacagttac cacgaaaaaa ggacaaacga gacttcccta aaccagccat 2100 caatggcctt ccacccaccc caaaagttct gatgggagca tgcttttcaa aagtttttga 2160 tggctgtcct ttgaaaatta attgtgcaac atcctggata catcctgata caaaagatca 2220 gtacattatt tttggaactg aagatggtat ttacacactg aatctcaatg agctacatga 2280 ggcaacgatg gaacagttat ttccacggaa gtgtacttgg ctgtatgtta tcaataatac 2340 tttaatgtca ttatcagaag gaaaaacctt tcagctctac tctcacaatc ttatagcttt 2400 gtttgaacat gccaaaaaac caggattagc tgcccatatt caaactcaca ggtttccaga 2460 ccgaatacta ccaagaaaat tcgctttaac aacaaagatt cctgatacaa aaggctgcca 2520 caaatgttgc atagtcagaa acccttacac gggacataaa tacctctgtg gagctttaca 2580 gtctggaatt gttttacttc agtggtatga gccaatgcag aaattcatgt tgataaagca 2640 ctttgatttt cctttgccaa gtcctttgaa tgtttttgaa atgctggtga tacctgaaca 2700 ggaataccct atggtctgtg tagctattag caaaggcact gaatcgaatc aggtagttca 2760 gtttgagaca atcaatttga actctgcatc ttcatggttt acagaaattg gtgcaggcag 2820 ccagcagtta gattccattc atgtaacaca gttggagaga gataccgttt tagtgtgttt 2880 agacaaattt gtgaaaattg taaatctaca aggaaaatta aaatcaagta agaaactggc 2940 ctctgagtta agttttgatt ttcgcattga atctgtagta tgccttcaag acagtgtgtt 3000 ggctttctgg aaacatggga tgcagggtaa aagcttcaag tcagatgagg ttacccagga 3060 gatttcagat gaaacaagag ttttccgctt attaggatca gacagggttg tcgttttgga 3120 aagtaggcca acagaaaatc ctactgcaca cagcaatctc tacatcttgg ctggacatga 3180 aaatagttac taagaattct gcagatatcc agcacagtgg cggccgctcg agtctagagg 3240 gcccttcgaa caaaaactca tctcagaaga ggatctgaat atgcataccg gtcatcatca 3300 ccatcaccat tgagtttaaa cccgctgatc agcctcgact gtgccttcta gttgccagcc 3360 atctgttgtt tgcccctccc ccgtgccttc cttgaccctg gaaggtgcca ctcccactgt 3420 cctttcctaa taaaatgagg aaattgcatc gcattgtctg agtaggtgtc attctattct 3480 ggggggg 3487 17 833 PRT Homo sapiens 17 Met Asp Val Val Asp Pro Asp Ile Phe Asn Arg Asp Pro Arg Asp His 1 5 10 15 Tyr Asp Leu Leu Gln Arg Leu Gly Gly Gly Thr Tyr Gly Glu Val Phe 20 25 30 Lys Ala Arg Asp Lys Val Ser Gly Asp Leu Val Ala Leu Lys Met Val 35 40 45 Lys Met Glu Pro Asp Asp Asp Val Ser Thr Leu Gln Lys Glu Ile Leu 50 55 60 Ile Leu Lys Thr Cys Arg His Ala Asn Ile Val Ala Tyr His Gly Ser 65 70 75 80 Tyr Leu Trp Leu Gln Lys Leu Trp Ile Cys Met Glu Phe Cys Gly Ala 85 90 95 Gly Ser Leu Gln Asp Ile Tyr Gln Val Thr Gly Ser Leu Ser Glu Leu 100 105 110 Gln Ile Ser Tyr Val Cys Arg Glu Val Leu Gln Gly Leu Ala Tyr Leu 115 120 125 His Ser Gln Lys Lys Ile His Arg Asp Ile Lys Gly Ala Asn Ile Leu 130 135 140 Ile Asn Asp Ala Gly Glu Val Arg Leu Ala Asp Phe Gly Ile Ser Ala 145 150 155 160 Gln Ile Gly Ala Thr Leu Ala Arg Arg Leu Ser Phe Ile Gly Thr Pro 165 170 175 Tyr Trp Met Ala Pro Glu Val Ala Ala Val Ala Leu Lys Gly Gly Tyr 180 185 190 Asn Glu Leu Cys Asp Ile Trp Ser Leu Gly Ile Thr Ala Ile Glu Leu 195 200 205 Ala Glu Leu Gln Pro Pro Leu Phe Asp Val His Pro Leu Arg Val Leu 210 215 220 Phe Leu Met Thr Lys Ser Gly Tyr Gln Pro Pro Arg Leu Lys Glu Lys 225 230 235 240 Gly Lys Trp Ser Ala Ala Phe His Asn Phe Ile Lys Val Thr Leu Thr 245 250 255 Lys Ser Pro Lys Lys Arg Pro Ser Ala Thr Lys Met Leu Ser His Gln 260 265 270 Leu Val Ser Gln Pro Gly Leu Asn Arg Gly Leu Ile Leu Asp Leu Leu 275 280 285 Asp Lys Leu Lys Asn Pro Gly Lys Gly Pro Ser Ile Gly Asp Ile Glu 290 295 300 Asp Glu Glu Pro Glu Leu Pro Pro Ala Ile Pro Arg Arg Ile Arg Ser 305 310 315 320 Thr His Arg Ser Ser Ser Leu Gly Ile Pro Asp Ala Asp Cys Cys Arg 325 330 335 Arg His Met Glu Phe Arg Lys Leu Arg Gly Met Glu Thr Arg Pro Pro 340 345 350 Ala Asn Thr Ala Arg Leu Gln Pro Pro Arg Asp Leu Arg Ser Ser Ser 355 360 365 Pro Arg Lys Gln Leu Ser Glu Ser Ser Asp Asp Asp Tyr Asp Asp Val 370 375 380 Asp Ile Pro Thr Pro Ala Glu Asp Thr Pro Pro Pro Leu Pro Pro Lys 385 390 395 400 Pro Lys Phe Arg Ser Pro Ser Asp Glu Gly Pro Gly Ser Met Gly Asp 405 410 415 Asp Gly Gln Leu Ser Pro Gly Val Leu Val Arg Cys Ala Ser Gly Pro 420 425 430 Pro Pro Asn Ser Pro Arg Pro Gly Pro Pro Pro Ser Thr Ser Ser Pro 435 440 445 His Leu Thr Ala His Ser Glu Pro Ser Leu Trp Asn Pro Pro Ser Arg 450 455 460 Glu Leu Asp Lys Pro Pro Leu Leu Pro Pro Lys Lys Glu Lys Met Lys 465 470 475 480 Arg Lys Gly Cys Ala Leu Leu Val Lys Leu Phe Asn Gly Cys Pro Leu 485 490 495 Arg Ile His Ser Thr Ala Ala Trp Thr His Pro Ser Thr Lys Asp Gln 500 505 510 His Leu Leu Leu Gly Ala Glu Glu Gly Ile Phe Ile Leu Asn Arg Asn 515 520 525 Asp Gln Glu Ala Thr Leu Glu Met Leu Phe Pro Ser Arg Thr Thr Trp 530 535 540 Val Tyr Ser Ile Asn Asn Val Leu Met Ser Leu Ser Gly Lys Thr Pro 545 550 555 560 His Leu Tyr Ser His Ser Ile Leu Gly Leu Leu Glu Arg Lys Glu Thr 565 570 575 Arg Ala Gly Asn Pro Ile Ala His Ile Ser Pro His Arg Leu Leu Ala 580 585 590 Arg Lys Asn Met Val Ser Thr Lys Ile Gln Asp Thr Lys Gly Cys Arg 595 600 605 Ala Cys Cys Val Ala Glu Gly Ala Ser Ser Gly Gly Pro Phe Leu Cys 610 615 620 Gly Ala Leu Glu Thr Ser Val Val Leu Leu Gln Trp Tyr Gln Pro Met 625 630 635 640 Asn Lys Phe Leu Leu Val Arg Gln Val Leu Phe Pro Leu Pro Thr Pro 645 650 655 Leu Ser Val Phe Ala Leu Leu Thr Gly Pro Gly Ser Glu Leu Pro Ala 660 665 670 Val Cys Ile Gly Val Ser Pro Gly Arg Pro Gly Lys Ser Val Leu Phe 675 680 685 His Thr Val Arg Phe Gly Ala Leu Ser Cys Trp Leu Gly Glu Met Ser 690 695 700 Thr Glu His Arg Gly Pro Val Gln Val Thr Gln Val Glu Glu Asp Met 705 710 715 720 Val Met Val Leu Met Asp Gly Ser Val Lys Leu Val Thr Pro Glu Gly 725 730 735 Ser Pro Val Arg Gly Leu Arg Thr Pro Glu Ile Pro Met Thr Glu Ala 740 745 750 Val Glu Ala Val Ala Met Val Gly Gly Gln Leu Gln Ala Phe Trp Lys 755 760 765 His Gly Val Gln Val Trp Ala Leu Gly Ser Asp Gln Leu Leu Gln Glu 770 775 780 Leu Arg Asp Pro Thr Leu Thr Phe Arg Leu Leu Gly Ser Pro Arg Leu 785 790 795 800 Glu Cys Ser Gly Thr Ile Ser Pro His Cys Asn Leu Leu Leu Pro Gly 805 810 815 Ser Ser Asn Ser Pro Ala Ser Ala Ser Arg Val Ala Gly Ile Thr Gly 820 825 830 Leu 18 819 PRT Homo sapiens 18 Met Glu Leu Arg Asp Val Ser Leu Gln Asp Pro Arg Asp Arg Phe Glu 1 5 10 15 Leu Leu Gln Arg Val Gly Ala Gly Thr Tyr Gly Asp Val Tyr Lys Ala 20 25 30 Arg Asp Thr Val Thr Ser Glu Leu Ala Ala Val Lys Ile Val Lys Leu 35 40 45 Asp Pro Gly Asp Asp Ile Ser Ser Leu Gln Gln Glu Ile Thr Ile Leu 50 55 60 Arg Glu Cys Arg His Pro Asn Val Val Ala Tyr Ile Gly Ser Tyr Leu 65 70 75 80 Arg Asn Asp Arg Leu Trp Ile Cys Met Glu Phe Cys Gly Gly Gly Ser 85 90 95 Leu Gln Glu Ile Tyr His Ala Thr Gly Pro Leu Glu Glu Arg Gln Ile 100 105 110 Ala Tyr Val Cys Arg Glu Arg Leu Lys Gly Leu His His Leu His Ser 115 120 125 Gln Gly Lys Ile His Arg Asp Ile Lys Gly Ala Asn Leu Leu Leu Thr 130 135 140 Leu Gln Gly Asp Val Lys Leu Ala Asp Phe Gly Val Ser Gly Glu Leu 145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Ser Val Ala Lys Arg Arg Ser Phe Ile Gly Thr Pro Tyr Trp 165 170 175 Met Ala Pro Glu Val Ala Ala Val Glu Arg Lys Gly Gly Tyr Asn Glu 180 185 190 Leu Cys Asp Val Trp Ala Leu Gly Ile Thr Ala Ile Glu Leu Gly Glu 195 200 205 Leu Gln Pro Pro Leu Phe His Leu His Pro Met Arg Ala Leu Met Leu 210 215 220 Met Ser Lys Ser Ser Phe Gln Pro Pro Lys Leu Arg Asp Lys Thr Arg 225 230 235 240 Trp Thr Gln Asn Phe His His Phe Leu Lys Leu Ala Leu Thr Lys Asn 245 250 255 Pro Lys Lys Arg Pro Thr Ala Glu Lys Leu Leu Gln His Pro Phe Thr 260 265 270 Thr Gln Gln Leu Pro Arg Ala Leu Leu Thr Gln Leu Leu Asp Lys Ala 275 280 285 Ser Asp Pro His Leu Gly Thr Pro Ser Pro Glu Asp Cys Glu Leu Glu 290 295 300 Thr Tyr Asp Met Phe Pro Asp Thr Ile His Ser Arg Gly Gln His Gly 305 310 315 320 Pro Ala Glu Arg Thr Pro Ser Glu Ile Gln Phe His Gln Val Lys Phe 325 330 335 Gly Ala Pro Arg Arg Lys Glu Thr Asp Pro Leu Asn Glu Pro Trp Glu 340 345 350 Glu Glu Trp Thr Leu Leu Gly Lys Glu Glu Leu Ser Gly Ser Leu Leu 355 360 365 Gln Ser Val Gln Glu Ala Leu Glu Glu Arg Ser Leu Thr Ile Arg Ser 370 375 380 Ala Ser Glu Phe Gln Glu Leu Asp Ser Pro Asp Asp Thr Met Gly Thr 385 390 395 400 Ile Lys Arg Ala Pro Phe Leu Gly Pro Leu Pro Thr Asp Pro Pro Ala 405 410 415 Glu Glu Pro Leu Ser Ser Pro Pro Gly Thr Leu Pro Pro Pro Pro Ser 420 425 430 Gly Pro Asn Ser Ser Pro Leu Leu Pro Thr Ala Trp Ala Thr Met Lys 435 440 445 Gln Arg Glu Asp Pro Glu Arg Ser Ser Cys His Gly Leu Pro Pro Thr 450 455 460 Pro Lys Val His Met Gly Ala Cys Phe Ser Lys Val Phe Asn Gly Cys 465 470 475 480 Pro Leu Arg Ile His Ala Ala Val Thr Trp Ile His Pro Val Thr Arg 485 490 495 Asp Gln Phe Leu Val Val Gly Ala Glu Glu Gly Ile Tyr Thr Leu Asn 500 505 510 Leu His Glu Leu His Glu Asp Thr Leu Glu Lys Leu Ile Ser His Arg 515 520 525 Cys Ser Trp Leu Tyr Cys Val Asn Asn Val Leu Leu Ser Leu Ser Gly 530 535 540 Lys Ser Thr His Ile Trp Ala His Asp Leu Pro Gly Leu Phe Glu Gln 545 550 555 560 Arg Arg Leu Gln Gln Gln Val Pro Leu Ser Ile Pro Thr Asn Arg Leu 565 570 575 Thr Gln Arg Ile Ile Pro Arg Arg Phe Ala Leu Ser Thr Lys Ile Pro 580 585 590 Asp Thr Lys Gly Cys Leu Gln Cys Arg Val Val Arg Asn Pro Tyr Thr 595 600 605 Gly Ala Thr Phe Leu Leu Ala Ala Leu Pro Thr Ser Leu Leu Leu Leu 610 615 620 Gln Trp Tyr Glu Pro Leu Gln Lys Phe Leu Leu Leu Lys Asn Phe Ser 625 630 635 640 Ser Pro Leu Pro Ser Pro Ala Gly Met Leu Glu Pro Leu Val Leu Asp 645 650 655 Gly Lys Glu Leu Pro Gln Val Cys Val Gly Ala Glu Gly Pro Glu Gly 660 665 670 Pro Gly Cys Arg Val Leu Phe His Val Leu Pro Leu Glu Ala Gly Leu 675 680 685 Thr Pro Asp Ile Leu Ile Pro Pro Glu Gly Ile Pro Gly Ser Ala Gln 690 695 700 Gln Val Ile Gln Val Asp Arg Asp Thr Ile Leu Val Ser Phe Glu Arg 705 710 715 720 Cys Val Arg Ile Val Asn Met Gln Gly Glu Pro Thr Ala Thr Leu Ala 725 730 735 Pro Glu Leu Thr Phe Asp Phe Pro Ile Glu Thr Val Val Cys Leu Gln 740 745 750 Asp Ser Val Leu Ala Phe Trp Ser His Gly Met Gln Gly Arg Ser Leu 755 760 765 Asp Thr Asn Glu Val Thr Gln Glu Ile Thr Asp Glu Thr Arg Ile Phe 770 775 780 Arg Val Leu Gly Ala His Arg Asp Ile Ile Leu Glu Ser Ile Pro Thr 785 790 795 800 Asp Asn Pro Glu Ala His Ser Asn Leu Tyr Ile Leu Thr Gly His Gln 805 810 815 Ser Thr Tyr 19 820 PRT Homo sapiens 19 Met Ala Leu Leu Arg Asp Val Ser Leu Gln Asp Pro Arg Asp Arg Phe 1 5 10 15 Glu Leu Leu Gln Arg Val Gly Ala Gly Thr Tyr Gly Asp Val Tyr Lys 20 25 30 Ala Arg Asp Thr Val Thr Ser Glu Leu Ala Ala Val Lys Ile Val Lys 35 40 45 Leu Asp Pro Gly Asp Asp Ile Ser Ser Leu Gln Gln Glu Ile Thr Ile 50 55 60 Leu Arg Glu Cys Arg His Pro Asn Val Val Ala Tyr Ile Gly Ser Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu Arg Asn Asp Arg Leu Trp Ile Cys Met Glu Phe Cys Gly Gly Gly 85 90 95 Ser Leu Gln Glu Ile Tyr His Ala Thr Gly Pro Leu Glu Glu Arg Gln 100 105 110 Ile Ala Tyr Val Cys Arg Glu Ala Leu Lys Gly Leu His His Leu His 115 120 125 Ser Gln Gly Lys Ile His Arg Asp Ile Lys Gly Ala Asn Leu Leu Leu 130 135 140 Thr Leu Gln Gly Asp Val Lys Leu Ala Asp Phe Gly Val Ser Gly Glu 145 150 155 160 Leu Thr Ala Ser Val Ala Lys Arg Arg Ser Phe Ile Gly Thr Pro Tyr 165 170 175 Trp Met Ala Pro Glu Val Ala Ala Val Glu Arg Lys Gly Gly Tyr Asn 180 185 190 Glu Leu Cys Asp Val Trp Ala Leu Gly Ile Thr Ala Ile Glu Leu Gly 195 200 205 Glu Leu Gln Pro Pro Leu Phe His Leu His Pro Met Arg Ala Leu Met 210 215 220 Leu Met Ser Lys Ser Ser Phe Gln Pro Pro Lys Leu Arg Asp Lys Thr 225 230 235 240 Arg Trp Thr Gln Asn Phe His His Phe Leu Lys Leu Ala Leu Thr Lys 245 250 255 Asn Pro Lys Lys Arg Pro Thr Ala Glu Lys Leu Leu Gln His Pro Phe 260 265 270 Thr Thr Gln Gln Leu Pro Arg Ala Leu Leu Thr Gln Leu Leu Asp Lys 275 280 285 Ala Ser Asp Pro His Leu Gly Thr Pro Ser Pro Glu Asp Cys Glu Leu 290 295 300 Glu Thr Tyr Asp Met Phe Pro Asp Thr Ile His Ser Arg Gly Gln His 305 310 315 320 Gly Pro Ala Glu Arg Thr Pro Ser Glu Ile Gln Phe His Gln Val Lys 325 330 335 Phe Gly Ala Pro Arg Arg Lys Glu Thr Asp Pro Leu Asn Glu Pro Trp 340 345 350 Glu Glu Glu Trp Thr Leu Leu Gly Lys Glu Glu Leu Ser Gly Ser Leu 355 360 365 Leu Gln Ser Val Gln Glu Ala Leu Glu Glu Arg Ser Leu Thr Ile Arg 370 375 380 Ser Ala Ser Glu Phe Gln Glu Leu Asp Ser Pro Asp Asp Thr Met Gly 385 390 395 400 Thr Ile Lys Arg Ala Pro Phe Leu Gly Pro Leu Pro Thr Asp Pro Pro 405 410 415 Ala Glu Glu Pro Leu Ser Ser Pro Pro Gly Thr Leu Pro Pro Pro Pro 420 425 430 Ser Gly Pro Asn Ser Ser Pro Leu Leu Pro Thr Ala Trp Ala Thr Met 435 440 445 Lys Gln Arg Glu Asp Pro Glu Arg Ser Ser Cys His Gly Leu Pro Pro 450 455 460 Thr Pro Lys Val His Met Gly Ala Cys Phe Ser Lys Val Phe Asn Gly 465 470 475 480 Cys Pro Leu Arg Ile His Ala Ala Val Thr Trp Ile His Pro Val Thr 485 490 495 Arg Asp Gln Phe Leu Val Val Gly Ala Glu Glu Gly Ile Tyr Thr Leu 500 505 510 Asn Leu His Glu Leu His Glu Asp Thr Leu Glu Lys Leu Ile Ser His 515 520 525 Arg Cys Ser Trp Leu Tyr Cys Val Asn Asn Val Leu Leu Ser Leu Ser 530 535 540 Gly Lys Ser Thr His Ile Trp Ala His Asp Leu Pro Gly Leu Phe Glu 545 550 555 560 Gln Arg Arg Leu Gln Gln Gln Val Pro Leu Ser Ile Pro Thr Asn Arg 565 570 575 Leu Thr Gln Arg Ile Ile Pro Arg Arg Phe Ala Leu Ser Thr Lys Ile 580 585 590 Pro Asp Thr Lys Gly Cys Leu Gln Cys Arg Val Val Arg Asn Pro Tyr 595 600 605 Thr Gly Ala Thr Phe Leu Leu Ala Ala Leu Pro Thr Ser Leu Leu Leu 610 615 620 Leu Gln Trp Tyr Glu Pro Leu Gln Lys Phe Leu Leu Leu Lys Asn Phe 625 630 635 640 Ser Ser Pro Leu Pro Ser Pro Ala Gly Met Leu Glu Pro Leu Val Leu 645 650 655 Asp Gly Lys Glu Leu Pro Gln Val Cys Val Gly Ala Glu Gly Pro Glu 660 665 670 Gly Pro Gly Cys Arg Val Leu Phe His Val Leu Pro Leu Glu Ala Gly 675 680 685 Leu Thr Pro Asp Ile Leu Ile Pro Pro Glu Gly Ile Pro Gly Ser Ala 690 695 700 Gln Gln Val Ile Gln Val Asp Arg Asp Thr Ile Leu Val Ser Phe Glu 705 710 715 720 Arg Cys Val Arg Ile Val Asn Met Gln Gly Glu Pro Thr Ala Thr Leu 725 730 735 Ala Pro Glu Leu Thr Phe Asp Phe Pro Ile Glu Thr Val Val Cys Leu 740 745 750 Gln Asp Ser Val Leu Ala Phe Trp Ser His Gly Met Gln Gly Arg Ser 755 760 765 Leu Asp Thr Asn Glu Val Thr Gln Glu Ile Thr Asp Glu Thr Arg Ile 770 775 780 Phe Arg Val Leu Gly Ala His Arg Asp Ile Ile Leu Glu Ser Ile Pro 785 790 795 800 Thr Asp Asn Pro Glu Ala His Ser Asn Leu Tyr Ile Leu Thr Gly His 805 810 815 Gln Ser Thr Tyr 820 20 894 PRT Homo sapiens 20 Met Asn Pro Gly Phe Asp Leu Ser Arg Arg Asn Pro Gln Glu Asp Phe 1 5 10 15 Glu Leu Ile Gln Arg Ile Gly Ser Gly Thr Tyr Gly Asp Val Tyr Lys 20 25 30 Ala Arg Asn Val Asn Thr Gly Glu Leu Ala Ala Ile Lys Val Ile Lys 35 40 45 Leu Glu Pro Gly Glu Asp Phe Ala Val Val Gln Gln Glu Ile Ile Met 50 55 60 Met Lys Asp Cys Lys His Pro Asn Ile Val Ala Tyr Phe Gly Ser Tyr 65 70 75 80 Leu Arg Arg Asp Lys Leu Trp Ile Cys Met Glu Phe Cys Gly Gly Gly 85 90 95 Ser Leu Gln Asp Ile Tyr His Val Thr Gly Pro Leu Ser Glu Leu Gln 100 105 110 Ile Ala Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu Thr Leu Gln Gly Leu Tyr Tyr Leu His 115 120 125 Ser Lys Gly Lys Met His Arg Asp Ile Lys Gly Ala Asn Ile Leu Leu 130 135 140 Thr Asp Asn Gly His Val Lys Leu Ala Asp Phe Gly Val Ser Ala Gln 145 150 155 160 Ile Thr Ala Thr Ile Ala Lys Arg Lys Ser Phe Ile Gly Thr Pro Tyr 165 170 175 Trp Met Ala Pro Glu Val Ala Ala Val Glu Arg Lys Gly Gly Tyr Asn 180 185 190 Gln Leu Cys Asp Leu Trp Ala Val Gly Ile Thr Ala Ile Glu Leu Ala 195 200 205 Glu Leu Gln Pro Pro Met Phe Asp Leu His Pro Met Arg Ala Leu Phe 210 215 220 Leu Met Thr Lys Ser Asn Phe Gln Pro Pro Lys Leu Lys Asp Lys Met 225 230 235 240 Lys Trp Ser Asn Ser Phe His His Phe Val Lys Met Ala Leu Thr Lys 245 250 255 Asn Pro Lys Lys Arg Pro Thr Ala Glu Lys Leu Leu Gln His Pro Phe 260 265 270 Val Thr Gln His Leu Thr Arg Ser Leu Ala Ile Glu Leu Leu Asp Lys 275 280 285 Val Asn Asn Pro Asp His Ser Thr Tyr His Asp Phe Asp Asp Asp Asp 290 295 300 Pro Glu Pro Leu Val Ala Val Pro His Arg Ile His Ser Thr Ser Arg 305 310 315 320 Asn Val Arg Glu Glu Lys Thr Arg Ser Glu Ile Thr Phe Gly Gln Val 325 330 335 Lys Phe Asp Pro Pro Leu Arg Lys Glu Thr Glu Pro His His Glu Leu 340 345 350 Pro Asp Ser Asp Gly Phe Leu Asp Ser Ser Glu Glu Ile Tyr Tyr Thr 355 360 365 Ala Arg Ser Asn Leu Asp Leu Gln Leu Glu Tyr Gly Gln Gly His Gln 370 375 380 Gly Gly Tyr Phe Leu Gly Ala Asn Lys Ser Leu Leu Lys Ser Val Glu 385 390 395 400 Glu Glu Leu His Gln Arg Gly His Val Ala His Leu Glu Asp Asp Glu 405 410 415 Gly Asp Asp Asp Glu Ser Lys His Ser Thr Leu Lys Ala Lys Ile Pro 420 425 430 Pro Pro Leu Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Ser Ile Phe Ile Pro Gln Glu Met 435 440 445 His Ser Thr Glu Asp Glu Asn Gln Gly Thr Ile Lys Arg Cys Pro Met 450 455 460 Ser Gly Ser Pro Ala Lys Pro Ser Gln Val Pro Pro Arg Pro Pro Pro 465 470 475 480 Pro Arg Leu Pro Pro His Lys Pro Val Ala Leu Gly Asn Gly Met Ser 485 490 495 Ser Phe Gln Leu Asn Gly Glu Arg Asp Gly Ser Leu Cys Gln Gln Gln 500 505 510 Asn Glu His Arg Gly Thr Asn Leu Ser Arg Lys Glu Lys Lys Asp Val 515 520 525 Pro Lys Pro Ile Ser Asn Gly Leu Pro Pro Thr Pro Lys Val His Met 530 535 540 Gly Ala Cys Phe Ser Lys Val Phe Asn Gly Cys Pro Leu Lys Ile His 545 550 555 560 Cys Ala Ser Ser Trp Ile Asn Pro Asp Thr Arg Asp Gln Tyr Leu Ile 565 570 575 Phe Gly Ala Glu Glu Gly Ile Tyr Thr Leu Asn Leu Asn Glu Leu His 580 585 590 Glu Thr Ser Met Glu Gln Leu Phe Pro Arg Arg Cys Thr Trp Leu Tyr 595 600 605 Val Met Asn Asn Cys Leu Leu Ser Ile Ser Gly Lys Ala Ser Gln Leu 610 615 620 Tyr Ser His Asn Leu Pro Gly Leu Phe Asp Tyr Ala Arg Gln Met Gln 625 630 635 640 Lys Leu Pro Val Ala Ile Pro Ala His Lys Leu Pro Asp Arg Ile Leu 645 650 655 Pro Arg Lys Phe Ser Val Ser Ala Lys Ile Pro Glu Thr Lys Trp Cys 660 665 670 Gln Lys Cys Cys Val Val Arg Asn Pro Tyr Thr Gly His Lys Tyr Leu 675 680 685 Cys Gly Ala Leu Gln Thr Ser Ile Val Leu Leu Glu Trp Val Glu Pro 690 695 700 Met Gln Lys Phe Met Leu Ile Lys His Ile Asp Phe Pro Ile Pro Cys 705 710 715 720 Pro Leu Arg Met Phe Glu Met Leu Val Val Pro Glu Gln Glu Tyr Pro 725 730 735 Leu Val Cys Val Gly Val Ser Arg Gly Arg Asp Phe Asn Gln Val Val 740 745 750 Arg Phe Glu Thr Val Asn Pro Asn Ser Thr Ser Ser Trp Phe Thr Glu 755 760 765 Ser Asp Thr Pro Gln Thr Asn Val Thr His Val Thr Gln Leu Glu Arg 770 775 780 Asp Thr Ile Leu Val Cys Leu Asp Cys Cys Ile Lys Ile Val Asn Leu 785 790 795 800 Gln Gly Arg Leu Lys Ser Ser Arg Lys Leu Ser Ser Glu Leu Thr Phe 805 810 815 Asp Phe Gln Ile Glu Ser Ile Val Cys Leu Gln Asp Ser Val Leu Ala 820 825 830 Phe Trp Lys His Gly Met Gln Gly Arg Ser Phe Arg Ser Asn Glu Val 835 840 845 Thr Gln Glu Ile Ser Asp Ser Thr Arg Ile Phe Arg Leu Leu Gly Ser 850 855 860 Asp Arg Val Val Val Leu Glu Ser Arg Pro Thr Asp Asn Pro Thr Ala 865 870 875 880 Asn Ser Asn Leu Tyr Ile Leu Ala Gly His Glu Asn Ser Tyr 885 890 21 884 PRT Homo sapiens 21 Met Ala Gln Glu Asp Phe Glu Leu Ile Gln Arg Ile Gly Ser Gly Thr 1 5 10 15 Tyr Gly Asp Val Tyr Lys Ala Arg Asn Val Asn Thr Gly Glu Leu Ala 20 25 30 Ala Ile Lys Val Ile Lys Leu Glu Pro Gly Glu Asp Phe Ala Val Val 35 40 45 Gln Gln Glu Ile Ile Met Met Lys Asp Cys Lys His Pro Asn Ile Val 50 55 60 Ala Tyr Phe Gly Ser Tyr Leu Arg Arg Asp Lys Leu Trp Ile Cys Met 65 70 75 80 Glu Phe Cys Gly Gly Gly Ser Leu Gln Asp Ile Tyr His Val Thr Gly 85 90 95 Pro Leu Ser Glu Leu Gln Ile Ala Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu Thr Leu Gln 100 105 110 Gly Leu Tyr Tyr Leu His Ser Lys Gly Lys Met His Arg Asp Ile Lys 115 120 125 Gly Ala Asn Ile Leu Leu Thr Asp Asn Gly His Val Lys Leu Ala Asp 130 135 140 Phe Gly Val Ser Ala Gln Ile Thr Ala Thr Ile Ala Lys Arg Lys Ser 145 150 155 160 Phe Ile Gly Thr Pro Tyr Trp Met Ala Pro Glu Val Ala Ala Val Glu 165 170 175 Arg Lys Gly Gly Tyr Asn Gln Leu Cys Asp Leu Trp Ala Val Gly Ile 180 185 190 Thr Ala Ile Glu Leu Ala Glu Leu Gln Pro Pro Met Phe Asp Leu His 195 200 205 Pro Met Arg Ala Leu Phe Leu Met Thr Lys Ser Asn Phe Gln Pro Pro 210 215 220 Lys Leu Lys Asp Lys Met Lys Trp Ser Asn Ser Phe His His Phe Val 225 230 235 240 Lys Met Ala Leu Thr Lys Asn Pro Lys Lys Arg Pro Thr Ala Glu Lys 245 250 255 Leu Leu Gln His Pro Phe Val Thr Gln His Leu Thr Arg Ser Leu Ala 260 265 270 Ile Glu Leu Leu Asp Lys Val Asn Asn Pro Asp His Ser Thr Tyr His 275 280 285 Asp Phe Asp Asp Asp Asp Pro Glu Pro Leu Val Ala Val Pro His Arg 290 295 300 Ile His Ser Thr Ser Arg Asn Val Arg Glu Glu Lys Thr Arg Ser Glu 305 310 315 320 Ile Thr Phe Gly Gln Val Lys Phe Asp Pro Pro Leu Arg Lys Glu Thr 325 330 335 Glu Pro His His Glu Leu Pro Asp Ser Asp Gly Phe Leu Asp Ser Ser 340 345 350 Glu Glu Ile Tyr Tyr Thr Ala Arg Ser Asn Leu Asp Leu Gln Leu Glu 355 360 365 Tyr Gly Gln Gly His Gln Gly Gly Tyr Phe Leu Gly Ala Asp Lys Ser 370 375 380 Leu Leu Lys Ser Val Glu Glu Glu Leu His Gln Arg Gly His Val Ala 385 390 395 400 His Leu Glu Asp Asp Glu Gly Asp Asp Asp Glu Ser Lys His Ser Thr 405 410 415 Leu Lys Ala Lys Ile Pro Pro Pro Leu Pro Pro Lys Pro Lys Ser Ile 420 425 430 Phe Ile Pro Gln Glu Met His Ser Thr Glu Asp Glu Asn Gln Gly Thr 435 440 445 Ile Lys Arg Cys Pro Met Ser Gly Ser Pro Ala Lys Pro Ser Gln Val 450 455 460 Pro Pro Arg Pro Pro Pro Pro Arg Leu Pro Pro His Lys Pro Val Ala 465 470 475 480 Leu Gly Asn Gly Met Ser Ser Phe Gln Leu Asn Gly Glu Arg Asp Gly 485 490 495 Ser Leu Cys Gln Gln Gln Asn Glu His Arg Gly Thr Asn Leu Ser Arg 500 505 510 Lys Glu Lys Lys Asp Val Pro Lys Pro Ile Ser Asn Gly Leu Pro Pro 515 520 525 Thr Pro Lys Val His Met Gly Ala Cys Phe Ser Lys Val Phe Asn Gly 530 535 540 Cys Pro Leu Lys Ile His Cys Ala Ser Ser Trp Ile Asn Pro Asp Thr 545 550 555 560 Arg Asp Gln Tyr Leu Ile Phe Gly Ala Glu Glu Gly Ile Tyr Thr Leu 565 570 575 Asn Leu Asn Glu Leu His Glu Thr Ser Met Glu Gln Leu Phe Pro Arg 580 585 590 Arg Cys Thr Trp Leu Tyr Val Met Asn Asn Cys Leu Leu Ser Ile Ser 595 600 605 Gly Lys Ala Ser Gln Leu Tyr Ser His Asn Leu Pro Gly Leu Phe Asp 610 615 620 Tyr Ala Arg Gln Met Gln Lys Leu Pro Val Ala Ile Pro Ala His Lys 625 630 635 640 Leu Pro Asp Arg Ile Leu Pro Arg Lys Phe Ser Val Ser Ala Lys Ile 645 650 655 Pro Glu Thr Lys Trp Cys Gln Lys Cys Cys Val Val Arg Asn Pro Tyr 660 665 670 Thr Gly His Lys Tyr Leu Cys Gly Ala Leu Gln Thr Ser Ile Val Leu 675 680 685 Leu Glu Trp Val Glu Pro Met Gln Lys Phe Met Leu Ile Lys His Ile 690 695 700 Asp Phe Pro Ile Pro Cys Pro Leu Arg Met Phe Glu Met Leu Val Val 705 710 715 720 Pro Glu Gln Glu Tyr Pro Leu Val Cys Val Gly Val Ser Arg Gly Arg 725 730 735 Asp Phe Asn Gln Val Val Arg Phe Glu Thr Val Asn Pro Asn Ser Thr 740 745 750 Ser Ser Trp Phe Thr Glu Ser Asp Thr Pro Gln Thr Asn Val Thr His 755 760 765 Val Thr Gln Leu Glu Arg Asp Thr Ile Leu Val Cys Leu Asp Cys Cys 770 775 780 Ile Lys Ile Val Asn Leu Gln Gly Arg Leu Lys Ser Ser Arg Lys Leu 785 790 795 800 Ser Ser Glu Leu Thr Phe Asp Phe Gln Ile Glu Ser Ile Val Cys Leu 805 810 815 Gln Asp Ser Val Leu Ala Phe Trp Lys His Gly Met Gln Gly Arg Ser 820 825 830 Phe Arg Ser Asn Glu Val Thr Gln Glu Ile Ser Asp Ser Thr Arg Ile 835 840 845 Phe Arg Leu Leu Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Val Val Leu Glu Ser Arg Pro 850 855 860 Thr Asp Asn Pro Thr Ala Asn Ser Asn Leu Tyr Ile Leu Ala Gly His 865 870 875 880 Glu Asn Ser Tyr 22 846 PRT Homo sapiens 22 Met Glu Ala Pro Leu Arg Pro Ala Ala Asp Ile Leu Arg Arg Asn Pro 1 5 10 15 Gln Gln Asp Tyr Glu Leu Val Gln Arg Val Gly Ser Gly Thr Tyr Gly 20 25 30 Asp Val Tyr Lys Ala Arg Asn Val His Thr Gly Glu Leu Ala Ala Val 35 40 45 Lys Ile Ile Lys Leu Glu Pro Gly Asp Asp Phe Ser Leu Ile Gln Gln 50 55 60 Glu Ile Phe Met Val Lys Glu Cys Lys His Cys Asn Ile Val Ala Tyr 65 70 75 80 Phe Gly Ser Tyr Leu Ser Arg Glu Lys Leu Trp Ile Cys Met Glu Tyr 85 90 95 Cys Gly Gly Gly Ser Leu Gln Asp Ile Tyr His Val Thr Gly Pro Leu 100 105 110 Ser Glu Leu Gln Ile Ala Tyr Val Cys Arg Glu Thr Leu Gln Gly Leu 115 120 125 Ala Tyr Leu His Thr Lys Gly Lys Met His Arg Asp Ile Lys Gly Ala 130 135 140 Asn Ile Leu Leu Thr Asp His Gly Asp Val Lys Leu Ala Asp Phe Gly 145 150 155 160 Val Ala Ala Lys Ile Thr Ala Thr Ile Ala Lys Arg Lys Ser Phe Ile 165 170 175 Gly Thr Pro Tyr Trp Met Ala Pro Glu Val Ala Ala Val Glu Lys Asn 180 185 190 Gly Gly Tyr Asn Gln Leu Cys Asp Ile Trp Ala Val Gly Ile Thr Ala 195 200 205 Ile Glu Leu Gly Glu Leu Gln Pro Pro Met Phe Asp Leu His Pro Met 210 215 220 Arg Ala Leu Phe Leu Met Ser Lys Ser Asn Phe Gln Pro Pro Lys Leu 225 230 235 240 Lys Asp Lys Thr Lys Trp Ser Ser Thr Phe His Asn Phe Val Lys Ile 245 250 255 Ala Leu Thr Lys Asn Pro Lys Lys Arg Pro Thr Ala Glu Arg Leu Leu 260 265 270 Thr His Thr Phe Val Ala Gln Pro Gly Leu Ser Arg Ala Leu Ala Val 275 280 285 Glu Leu Leu Asp Lys Val Asn Asn Pro Asp Asn His Ala His Tyr Thr 290 295 300 Glu Ala Asp Asp Asp Asp Phe Glu Pro His Ala Ile Ile Arg His Thr 305 310 315 320 Ile Arg Ser Thr Asn Arg Asn Ala Arg Ala Glu Arg Thr Ala Ser Glu 325 330 335 Ile Asn Phe Asp Lys Leu Gln Phe Glu Pro Pro Leu Arg Lys Glu Thr 340 345 350 Glu Ala Arg Asp Glu Met Gly Leu Ser Ser Asp Pro Asn Phe Met Leu 355 360 365 Gln Trp Asn Pro Phe Val Asp Gly Ala Asn Thr Gly Lys Ser Thr Ser 370 375 380 Lys Arg Ala Ile Pro Pro Pro Leu Pro Pro Lys Pro Arg Ile Ser Ser 385 390 395 400 Tyr Pro Glu Asp Asn Phe Pro Asp Glu Glu Lys Ala Ser Thr Ile Lys 405 410 415 His Cys Pro Asp Ser Glu Ser Arg Ala Pro Gln Ile Leu Arg Arg Gln 420 425 430 Ser Ser Pro Ser Cys Gly Pro Val Ala Glu Thr Ser Ser Ile Gly Asn 435 440 445 Gly Asp Gly Ile Ser Lys Leu Met Ser Glu Asn Thr Glu Gly Ser Ala 450 455 460 Gln Ala Pro Gln Leu Pro Arg Lys Lys Asp Lys Arg Asp Phe Pro Lys 465 470 475 480 Pro Ala Ile Asn Gly Leu Pro Pro Thr Pro Lys Val Leu Met Gly Ala 485 490 495 Cys Phe Ser Lys Val Phe Asp Gly Cys Pro Leu Lys Ile Asn Cys Ala 500 505 510 Thr Ser Trp Ile His Pro Asp Thr Lys Asp Gln Tyr Ile Ile Phe Gly 515 520 525 Thr Glu Asp Gly Ile Tyr Thr Leu Asn Leu Asn Glu Leu His Glu Ala 530 535 540 Thr Met Glu Gln Leu Phe Pro Arg Lys Cys Thr Trp Leu Tyr Val Ile 545 550 555 560 Asn Asn Thr Leu Met Ser Leu Ser Glu Gly Lys Thr Phe Gln Leu Tyr 565 570 575 Ser His Asn Leu Ile Ala Leu Phe Glu His Ala Lys Lys Pro Gly Leu 580 585 590 Ala Ala His Ile Gln Thr His Arg Phe Pro Asp Arg Ile Leu Pro Arg 595 600 605 Lys Phe Ala Leu Thr Thr Lys Ile Pro Asp Thr Lys Gly Cys His Lys 610 615 620 Cys Cys Ile Val Arg Asn Pro Tyr Thr Gly His Lys Tyr Leu Cys Gly 625 630 635 640 Ala Leu Gln Ser Gly Ile Val Leu Leu Gln Trp Tyr Glu Pro Met Gln 645 650 655 Lys Phe Met Leu Ile Lys His Phe Asp Phe Pro Leu Pro Ser Pro Leu 660 665 670 Asn Val Phe Glu Met Leu Val Ile Pro Glu Gln Glu Tyr Pro Met Val 675 680 685 Cys Val Ala Ile Ser Lys Gly Thr Glu Ser Asn Gln Val Val Gln Phe 690 695 700 Glu Thr Ile Asn Leu Asn Ser Ala Ser Ser Trp Phe Thr Glu Ile Gly 705 710 715 720 Ala Gly Ser Gln Gln Leu Asp Ser Ile His Val Thr Gln Leu Glu Arg 725 730 735 Asp Thr Val Leu Val Cys Leu Asp Lys Phe Val Lys Ile Val Asn Leu 740 745 750 Gln Gly Lys Leu Lys Ser Ser Lys Lys Leu Ala Ser Glu Leu Ser Phe 755 760 765 Asp Phe Arg Ile Glu Ser Val Val Cys Leu Gln Asp Ser Val Leu Ala 770 775 780 Phe Trp Lys His Gly Met Gln Gly Lys Ser Phe Lys Ser Asp Glu Val 785 790 795 800 Thr Gln Glu Ile Ser Asp Glu Thr Arg Val Phe Arg Leu Leu Gly Ser 805 810 815 Asp Arg Val Val Val Leu Glu Ser Arg Pro Thr Glu Asn Pro Thr Ala 820 825 830 His Ser Asn Leu Tyr Ile Leu Ala Gly His Glu Asn Ser Tyr 835 840 845 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of identifying a candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agent, said method comprising the steps of: (a) providing an assay system comprising a MAP4K polypeptide or nucleic acid; (b) contacting the assay system with a test agent under conditions whereby, but for the presence of the test agent, the system provides a reference activity; and (c) detecting a test agent-biased activity of the assay system, wherein a difference between the test agent-biased activity and the reference activity identifies the test agent as a candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agent.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the assay system includes a screening assay comprising a MAP4K polypeptide, and the candidate test agent is a small molecule modulator.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the screening assay is a kinase assay.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the assay system includes a binding assay comprising a MAP4K polypeptide and the candidate test agent is an antibody.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the assay system includes an expression assay comprising a MAP4K nucleic acid and the candidate test agent is a nucleic acid modulator.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the nucleic acid modulator is an antisense oligomer.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the nucleic acid modulator is a PMO.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the assay system comprises cultured cells or a non-human animal expressing MAP4K, and wherein the assay system includes an assay that detects an agent-biased change in branching morphogenesis.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the branching morphogenesis is angiogenesis.
 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the assay system comprises cultured cells.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the assay detects an event selected from the group consisting of cell proliferation, cell cycling, apoptosis, tubulogenesis, cell migration, cell sprouting and response to hypoxic conditions.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the assay detects tubulogenesis or cell migration or cell sprouting, and wherein the assay system comprises the step of testing the cellular response to stimulation with at least two different pro-angiogenic agents.
 13. The method of claim 10 wherein the assay detects tubulogenesis or cell migration, and wherein cells are stimulated with an inflammatory angiogenic agent.
 14. The method of claim 8 wherein the assay system comprises a non-human animal.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the assay system includes a matrix implant assay, a xenograft assay, a hollow fiber assay, or a transgenic tumor assay.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the assay system includes a transgenic tumor assay that includes a mouse comprising a RIP1-Tag2 transgene.
 17. The method of claim 1, comprising the additional steps of: (d) providing a second assay system comprising cultured cells or a non-human animal expressing MAP4K, (e) contacting the second assay system with the test agent of (b) or an agent derived therefrom under conditions whereby, but for the presence of the test agent or agent derived therefrom, the system provides a reference activity; and (f) detecting an agent-biased activity of the second assay system, wherein a difference between the agent-biased activity and the reference activity of the second assay system confirms the test agent or agent derived therefrom as a candidate branching morphogenesis modulating agent, and wherein the second assay system includes a second assay that detects an agent-biased change in an activity associated with branching morphogenesis.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein second assay detects an agent-biased change in an activity associated with angiogenesis.
 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the second assay system comprises cultured cells.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the second assay detects an event selected from the group consisting of cell proliferation, cell cycling, apoptosis, tubulogenesis, cell migration, cell sprouting and response to hypoxic conditions.
 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the second assay detects tubulogenesis or cell migration or cell sprouting, and wherein the second assay system comprises the step of testing the cellular response to stimulation with at least two different pro-angiogenic agents.
 22. The method of claim 20 wherein the assay detects tubulogenesis or cell migration, and wherein cells are stimulated with an inflammatory angiogenic agent.
 23. The method of claim 17 wherein the assay system comprises a non-human animal.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the assay system includes a matrix implant assay, a xenograft assay, a hollow fiber assay, or a transgenic tumor assay.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the assay system includes a transgenic tumor assay that includes a mouse comprising a RIP1-Tag2 transgene.
 26. A method of modulating branching morphogenesis in a mammalian cell comprising contacting the cell with an agent that specifically binds a MAP4K polypeptide or nucleic acid.
 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the agent is administered to a mammalian animal predetermined to have a pathology associated with branching morphogenesis.
 28. The method of claim 26 wherein the agent is a small molecule modulator, a nucleic acid modulator, or an antibody.
 29. The method of claim 26 wherein the branching morphogenesis is angiogenesis.
 30. The method of claim 29 wherein tumor cell proliferation is inhibited.
 31. A method for diagnosing a disease in a patient comprising: (a) obtaining a biological sample from the patient; (b) contacting the sample with a probe for MAP4K expression; (c) comparing results from step (b) with a control; and (d) determining whether step (c) indicates a likelihood of disease.
 32. The method of claim 31 wherein said disease is cancer.
 33. The method according to claim 32, wherein said cancer is a cancer as shown in Table 1 as having >25% expression level. 